final fields and multi defs

`int x,y;` works
`int !x = 3;` works
Structs defs are statements, require a trailing `;`

14 files changed, 326 insertions, 210 deletions

diff --git a/chapter16/docs/16-grammar.md b/chapter16/docs/16-grammar.md
index a7f69133..7b611fbf 100644
--- a/chapter16/docs/16-grammar.md
+++ b/chapter16/docs/16-grammar.md
@@ -3,21 +3,43 @@
 ```antlrv4
 grammar SimpleLanguage;
 
-program
-    : statement+ EOF
-    ;
+program : block EOF ;
+
+block : statement+ ;
+
 
 statement
-    : returnStatement
-    | structDeclaration
-    | declStatement
-    | blockStatment
-    | expressionStatement
+    : '{' block '}'
+    | returnStatement
     | ifStatement
     | whileStatement
     | breakStatement
-    | continueStatment
+    | continueStatement
     | metaStatement
+    | structDeclaration
+    | expressionStatement
+    ;
+
+
+returnStatement : 'return' expression ';' ;
+
+ifStatement : 'if' '(' expression ')' statement ('else' statement)? ;
+
+whileStatement : 'while' '(' expression ')' statement ;
+
+breakStatement : 'break' ';' ;
+
+continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ;
+
+metaStatement : '#showGraph' ';' ;
+
+structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' block '}'  ;
+
+expressionStatement
+    : type IDENTIFIER ';'
+    | type IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    |      IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    |                     expression
     ;
 
 PRIMTYPE
@@ -35,64 +57,18 @@ PRIMTYPE
     | 'bool'
     ;
 
-field
-    : PRIMTYPE IDENTIFIER ';'
-    | structName IDENTIFIER ('?')? ';'
-    ;
-
-fields
-    : field+
-    ;
-
-structDeclaration
-    : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' fields '}'
-    ;
-
-whileStatement
-    : 'while' '(' expression ')' statement
-    ;
-
-breakStatement
-    : 'break' ';'
-    ;
-
-continueStatement
-    : 'continue' ';'
+type
+    : PRIMTYPE
+    | typeName '?'?
+    | typeName nestedArray+
     ;
 
-ifStatement
-    : 'if' '(' expression ')' statement ('else' statement)?
-    ;
-
-metaStatement
-    : '#showGraph' ';'
-    ;
-
-expressionStatement
-    : IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
-    | fieldExpression '=' expression ';'
-    ;
-
-blockStatement
-    : '{' statement+ '}'
-    ;
+nestedArray : '?'?  '[]'* ;
 
-structName
-    : IDENTIFIER
-    ;
+typeName : IDENTIFIER ;
 
-declStatement
-    : PRIMTYPE IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
-    | structName IDENTIFIER ('?')? '=' expression ';'
-    ;
 
-returnStatement
-    : 'return' expression ';'
-    ;
-
-expression
-    : bitWiseExpression
-    ;
+expression : bitWiseExpression ;
 
 bitWiseExpression
     : comparisonExpression ( '&' | '|' | '^' ) comparisonExpression)*
@@ -117,39 +93,40 @@ multiplicativeExpression
 unaryExpression
     : ('-') unaryExpression
     | '!' unaryExpression
-    | primaryExpression
-    ;
-
-newExpression
-    : 'new' IDENTIFIER blockStatement
-    : 'new' IDENTIFIER '[' expression ']'
-    ;
-
-fieldExpression
-    : primaryExpresson '.' IDENTIFIER
-    | primaryExpresson '[' expression ']'
+    | primaryExpression postAssign
     ;
 
 primaryExpression
-    : IDENTIFIER
-    | INTEGER_LITERAL
+    : INTEGER_LITERAL
+    | FLOAT_LITERAL
+    | '(' expression ')'
     | 'true'
     | 'false'
     | 'null'
     | newExpression
-    | '(' expression ')'
-    | fieldExpression
+    | IDENTIFIER
     ;
 
-INTEGER_LITERAL
-    : [1-9][0-9]*
-    | [0]
+newExpression 
+    : 'new' IDENTIFIER [ '{' block '}' ]
+    | 'new' IDENTIFIER '[' expression ']'
     ;
 
-IDENTIFIER
-    : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)*
+postAssign : postFix [ '=' expression ] | [ '#' ];
+
+postFix
+    : '.' IDENTIFIER      postFix
+    | '[' expression ']'  postFix
+    ;
+
+
+IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)*  ;
+
+INTEGER_LITERAL
+    : [1-9]DIGIT*
+    | [0]
     ;
 
 NON_DIGIT: [a-zA-Z_];
-DEC_DIGIT: [0-9];
+DIGIT: [0-9];
 ```
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Parser.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Parser.java
index 728aaca7..bdd14de6 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Parser.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Parser.java
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ public class Parser {
         _xScopes.push(_scope);
         // Enter a new scope for the initial control and arguments
         _scope.push();
-        _scope.define(ScopeNode.CTRL, Type.CONTROL   , new CProjNode(START, 0, ScopeNode.CTRL).peephole());
-        _scope.define(ScopeNode.ARG0, TypeInteger.BOT, new  ProjNode(START, 1, ScopeNode.ARG0).peephole());
+        _scope.define(ScopeNode.CTRL, Type.CONTROL   , new CProjNode(START, 0, ScopeNode.CTRL).peephole(), false);
+        _scope.define(ScopeNode.ARG0, TypeInteger.BOT, new  ProjNode(START, 1, ScopeNode.ARG0).peephole(), false);
 
         // Parse whole program
         parseBlock();
@@ -212,12 +212,13 @@ public class Parser {
      *     type IDENTIFIER ;
      * </pre>
      */
-    private Field parseField() {
-        Type t = type();
-        if( t==null )
-            throw errorSyntax("Requires a field type, found '"+_lexer.getAnyNextToken()+"'");
-        return require(Field.make(requireId().intern(),ALIAS++,t),";");
-    }
+    //private Field parseField() {
+    //    Type t = type();
+    //    if( t==null )
+    //        throw errorSyntax("Requires a field type, found '"+_lexer.getAnyNextToken()+"'");
+    //    boolean xfinal = match("!");
+    //    return require(Field.make(requireId().intern(),t,ALIAS++,xfinal),";");
+    //}
 
     /**
      * Parse a struct declaration, and return the following statement.
@@ -232,20 +233,35 @@ public class Parser {
         Type t = TYPES.get(typeName);
         if( t!=null && !(t instanceof TypeMemPtr tmp && tmp._obj._fields==null) )
             throw errorSyntax("struct '" + typeName + "' cannot be redefined");
-        // Parse a collection of fields
-        ArrayList<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
+        // A Block scope parse, and inspect the scope afterwards for fields.
+        _scope.push();
         require("{");
-        while (!peek('}') && !_lexer.isEOF()) {
-            Field field = parseField();
-            if (fields.contains(field)) throw errorSyntax("Field '" + field + "' already defined in struct '" + typeName + "'");
-            fields.add(field);
-        }
+        while (!peek('}') && !_lexer.isEOF())
+            parseStatement();
         require("}");
+        // Grab the declarations and build fields
+        HashMap<String,Type> decls = _scope._decls.lastElement();
+        HashMap<String,Integer> idxs = _scope._idxs.lastElement();
+        BitSet finals = _scope._finals;
+
+        Field[] fs = new Field[decls.size()];  int i=0;
+        for( String fname : decls.keySet() ) {
+            int idx = idxs.get(fname);
+            boolean isFinal = finals.get(idx);
+            Type decl = decls.get(fname);
+            fs[i++] = Field.make(fname,decl,ALIAS++,isFinal);
+            if( isFinal ) throw Utils.TODO(); // Track write-once
+            if( _scope.in(idx)._type != decl.makeInit() ) throw Utils.TODO(); // Track non-zero init
+        }
+        // Done with scope
+        _scope.pop();
+
         // Build and install the TypeStruct
-        TypeStruct ts = TypeStruct.make(typeName, fields.toArray(new Field[fields.size()]));
+        TypeStruct ts = TypeStruct.make(typeName, fs);
         TYPES.put(typeName, TypeMemPtr.make(ts));
         START.addMemProj(ts, _scope); // Insert memory edges
-        return parseStatement();
+        require(";");
+        return null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -429,43 +445,33 @@ public class Parser {
         return null;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Parses an expression statement or a declaration statement where type is a struct
-     *
-     * <pre>
-     *      name;         // Error
-     * type name;         // Define name with default initial value
-     * type name = expr;  // Define name with given   initial value
-     *      name = expr;  // Reassign existing
-     *             expr   // Something else
-     * </pre>
-     * @return an expression {@link Node}, never {@code null}
+    /** Parse: name [=expr]
      */
-    private Node parseExpressionStatement() {
+    private Node parseAsgn(Type t, boolean xfinal) {
+        boolean isDecl = t!=null; // Having a type is a declaration, missing one is updating a prior name
         int old = _lexer._position;
-        Type t = type();
         String name = requireId();
         Node expr;
-        if( match(";") ) {      // Assign a default value
-            // No type and no expr is an error
+        if( match(";") || peek(',') ) {
+            // Bare "name" is not allowed
             if( t==null ) throw errorSyntax("expression");
             expr = new ConstantNode(t.makeInit()).peephole();
-        } else if( match("=") ) { // Assign "= expr;"
-            expr = require(parseExpression(), ";");
-        } else {                // Neither, so just a normal expression parse
+        } else if( !match("=") ) {     // Something else
             _lexer._position = old;
-            return require(parseExpression(),";");
-        }
+            return null;
+        } else
+            expr = parseExpression();
 
         // Defining a new variable vs updating an old one
-        if( t != null ) {
-            if( _scope.define(name,t,expr) == null )
-                throw error("Redefining name '" + name + "'");
-        } else {
+        if( !isDecl ) { // Assigning over an existing name
+            // Lookup
             if( _scope.lookup(name)==null )
                 throw error("Undefined name '" + name + "'");
+            if( _scope.lookupFinal(name) )
+                throw error("Cannot reassign final '"+name+"'");
             t = _scope.lookupDeclaredType(name);
         }
+
         // Auto-widen int to float
         if( expr._type instanceof TypeInteger && t instanceof TypeFloat )
             expr = new ToFloatNode(expr).peephole();
@@ -478,7 +484,50 @@ public class Parser {
         // Type is sane
         if( !e.isa(t) )
             throw error("Type " + e.str() + " is not of declared type " + t.str());
-        return _scope.update(name,expr);
+
+
+        if( isDecl ) {
+            if( _scope.define(name,t,expr,xfinal) == null )
+                throw error("Redefining name '" + name + "'");
+        } else
+            _scope.update(name,expr);
+        return expr;
+    }
+
+    /** Parse final: [!]asgn
+     */
+    private Node parseFinal(Type t) {
+        boolean xfinal = t!=null && match("!");
+        return parseAsgn(t,xfinal);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an expression statement or a declaration statement where type is a struct
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * type decl [, decl]*;  // Define many names with the same type
+     * asgn;                 // Assign or load a variable
+     * expr;                 // Something else
+     * name;                 // Bare name is an error
+
+     * </pre>
+     * @return an expression {@link Node}, never {@code null}
+     */
+    private Node parseExpressionStatement() {
+        Node n;
+        Type t = type();
+        if( t != null ) {
+            // now parse final [, final]*
+            n = parseFinal(t);
+            while( match(",") )
+                n = parseFinal(t);
+
+            // Parse "asgn;" which is just "name = expr;"
+        } else if( ( n = parseAsgn(null,false)) == null ) {
+            // Something else
+            n = parseExpression();
+        }
+        return require(n,";");
     }
 
     // Parse and return a type or null.  Valid types always are followed by an
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/SarNode.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/SarNode.java
index ba99fde8..b46a7ba7 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/SarNode.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/SarNode.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ public class SarNode extends Node {
     public Type compute() {
         if (in(1)._type instanceof TypeInteger i0 &&
             in(2)._type instanceof TypeInteger i1) {
+            if( i0 == TypeInteger.ZERO )
+                return TypeInteger.ZERO;
             if( i0.isConstant() && i1.isConstant() )
                 return TypeInteger.constant(i0.value()>>i1.value());
             if( i1.isConstant() ) {
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ScopeNode.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ScopeNode.java
index 877ae4a4..0e7a5e9b 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ScopeNode.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ScopeNode.java
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /**
  * The Scope node is purely a parser helper - it tracks names to nodes with a
- * stack of scopes.
+ * stack of hashmaps.
  */
 public class ScopeNode extends Node {
 
@@ -24,15 +24,21 @@ public class ScopeNode extends Node {
      */
     public final Stack<HashMap<String, Integer>> _idxs;
 
+    /*
+     * Map input edge to Final bit
+     */
+    public final BitSet _finals;
+
     /**
      * Map variable names to declared Type
      */
-    final Stack<HashMap<String, Type>> _decls;
+    public final Stack<HashMap<String, Type>> _decls;
 
     // A new ScopeNode
     public ScopeNode() {
         _idxs = new Stack<>();
         _decls= new Stack<>();
+        _finals = new BitSet();
         _type = Type.BOTTOM;
     }
 
@@ -89,16 +95,21 @@ public class ScopeNode extends Node {
     @Override public Node idealize() { return null; }
 
     public void push() { _idxs.push(new HashMap<>());  _decls.push(new HashMap<>()); }
-    public void pop() { popN(_idxs.pop().size()); _decls.pop(); }
+    public void pop() {
+        popN(_idxs.pop().size());
+        _finals.clear(nIns());
+        _decls.pop();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Create a new variable name in the current scope
      */
-    public Node define( String name, Type declaredType, Node n ) {
+    public Node define( String name, Type declaredType, Node n, boolean xfinal ) {
         HashMap<String,Integer> syms = _idxs.lastElement();
         _decls.lastElement().put(name,declaredType);
         if( syms.put(name,nIns()) != null )
             return null;        // Double define
+        if( xfinal ) _finals.set(nIns()); // track finals
         return addDef(n);
     }
 
@@ -156,6 +167,15 @@ public class ScopeNode extends Node {
         return null;
     }
 
+    // Return declared type for a variable
+    public boolean lookupFinal( String name ) {
+        for( int i=_idxs.size(); i>0; i-- ) {
+            Integer t = _idxs.get(i-1).get(name);
+            if( t != null ) return _finals.get(t);
+        }
+        throw Utils.TODO();     // Should not reach here
+    }
+
     /**
      * Duplicate a ScopeNode; including all levels, up to Nodes.  So this is
      * neither shallow (would dup the Scope but not the internal HashMap
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShlNode.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShlNode.java
index 28e6dd14..6ad81b5c 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShlNode.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShlNode.java
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ public class ShlNode extends Node {
     @Override
     public Type compute() {
         if (in(1)._type instanceof TypeInteger i0 &&
-            in(2)._type instanceof TypeInteger i1) {
+            in(2)._type instanceof TypeInteger i1 ) {
+            if( i0 == TypeInteger.ZERO )
+                return TypeInteger.ZERO;
             if( i0.isConstant() && i1.isConstant() )
                 return TypeInteger.constant(i0.value()<<i1.value());
         }
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShrNode.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShrNode.java
index 16d78ebf..856c2114 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShrNode.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/ShrNode.java
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ public class ShrNode extends Node {
     @Override
     public Type compute() {
         if (in(1)._type instanceof TypeInteger i0 &&
-            in(2)._type instanceof TypeInteger i1) {
+            in(2)._type instanceof TypeInteger i1 ) {
+            if( i0 == TypeInteger.ZERO )
+                return TypeInteger.ZERO;
             if( i0.isConstant() && i1.isConstant() )
                 return TypeInteger.constant(i0.value()>>>i1.value());
         }
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/StartNode.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/StartNode.java
index 5964e19f..bbeb7fa1 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/StartNode.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/node/StartNode.java
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class StartNode extends CFGNode implements MultiNode {
             String name = Parser.memName(f._alias);
             Node n = new ProjNode(this, f._alias, name); // No 'compute' until ScopeNode gets typed
             n._type = args[f._alias];
-            scope.define(name, tm_decl, n);
+            scope.define(name, tm_decl, n, false);
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
             if (args[i] == null)
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/Field.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/Field.java
index 5e674132..eb49c3af 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/Field.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/Field.java
@@ -12,52 +12,56 @@ public class Field extends Type {
 
     // Field name
     public final String _fname;
-    // Unique memory alias
-    public final int _alias;
     // Type of the field
     public final Type _type;
+    // Unique memory alias, not sensibly part of a "type" but very convenient here.
+    public final int _alias;
+    // Field must be written to exactly once, no more, no less
+    public final boolean _final;
 
-    private Field(String fname, int alias, Type type ) {
+    private Field(String fname, Type type, int alias, boolean xfinal ) {
         super(TFLD);
         _fname = fname;
-        _alias = alias;
         _type  = type;
+        _alias = alias;
+        _final = xfinal;
     }
     // Make with existing alias
-    public static Field make( String fname, int alias, Type type ) {
-        return new Field(fname,alias,type).intern();
+    public static Field make( String fname, Type type, int alias, boolean xfinal ) {
+        return new Field(fname,type,alias,xfinal).intern();
     }
 
-    public static final Field TEST = make("test",-2,TypeInteger.ZERO);
+    public static final Field TEST = make("test",TypeInteger.ZERO,-2,false);
     public static void gather(ArrayList<Type> ts) { ts.add(TEST); }
 
     @Override Field xmeet( Type that ) {
         Field fld = (Field)that; // Invariant
         assert _fname.equals(fld._fname);
         assert _alias==fld._alias;
-        return make(_fname,_alias,_type.meet(fld._type));
+        assert _final==fld._final;
+        return make(_fname,_type.meet(fld._type),_alias,_final);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Field dual() { return make(_fname,_alias,_type.dual()); }
+    public Field dual() { return make(_fname,_type.dual(),_alias,_final); }
 
     @Override
     public Field glb() {
-        return make(_fname,_alias,_type.glb());
+        return make(_fname,_type.glb(),_alias,_final);
     }
 
     // Override in subclasses
-    int hash() { return _fname.hashCode() ^ _type.hashCode() ^ _alias; }
+    int hash() { return _fname.hashCode() ^ _type.hashCode() ^ _alias ^ (_final ? 1024 : 0); }
 
     boolean eq(Type t) {
         Field f = (Field)t;
-        return _fname.equals(f._fname) && _alias==f._alias && _type==f._type;
+        return _fname.equals(f._fname) && _type==f._type && _alias==f._alias && _final==f._final;
     }
 
 
     @Override
     public StringBuilder print( StringBuilder sb ) {
-        return _type.print(sb.append(_fname).append(":").append(_alias).append(" : "));
+        return _type.print(sb.append(_final?"!":"").append(_fname).append(":").append(_alias).append(" : "));
     }
 
     @Override public String str() { return _fname; }
diff --git a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/TypeStruct.java b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/TypeStruct.java
index abfb8a67..fbbb814f 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/TypeStruct.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/type/TypeStruct.java
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ public class TypeStruct extends Type {
     public static TypeStruct makeAry(TypeInteger len, int lenAlias, Type body, int bodyAlias) {
         assert !(body instanceof TypeMemPtr tmp && !tmp._nil);
         return make(body.str() + "[]",
-                    Field.make("#" , lenAlias,len ),
-                    Field.make("[]",bodyAlias,body));
+                    Field.make("#" ,len , lenAlias,true),
+                    Field.make("[]",body,bodyAlias,true));
     }
 
     // A pair of self-cyclic types
     private static final TypeStruct S1F = make("S1");
     private static final TypeStruct S2F = make("S2");
-    public  static final TypeStruct S1  = make("S1", new Field[]{ Field.make("a", -1, TypeInteger.BOT), Field.make("s2",-2,TypeMemPtr.make(S2F,false)) });
-    private static final TypeStruct S2  = make("S2", new Field[]{ Field.make("b", -3, TypeFloat  .BOT), Field.make("s1",-4,TypeMemPtr.make(S1F,false)) });
+    public  static final TypeStruct S1  = make("S1", new Field[]{ Field.make("a", TypeInteger.BOT, -1, false), Field.make("s2",TypeMemPtr.make(S2F,false),-2, false) });
+    private static final TypeStruct S2  = make("S2", new Field[]{ Field.make("b", TypeFloat  .BOT, -3, false), Field.make("s1",TypeMemPtr.make(S1F,false),-4, false) });
 
     private static final TypeStruct ARY = makeAry(TypeInteger.BOT,-1,TypeFloat.BOT,-2);
 
diff --git a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter10Test.java b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter10Test.java
index def9aaa6..ec6a0bb4 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter10Test.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter10Test.java
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ return p-r;
 struct Bar {
     int a;
     int b;
-}
+};
 struct Foo {
     int x;
-}
+};
 Foo? foo = null;
 Bar bar = new Bar;
 bar.a = 1;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ return bar.a;
     @Test
     public void testExample() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Vector2D { int x; int y; }
+struct Vector2D { int x; int y; };
 Vector2D v = new Vector2D;
 v.x = 1;
 if (arg)
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ return v;
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
 struct s0 {
     int v0;
-}
+};
 s0? v1=null;
 int v3=v1.zAicm;
 """);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int v3=v1.zAicm;
     @Test
     public void testBug2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 { int v0; }
+struct s0 { int v0; };
 arg=0+new s0.0;
 """);
         try { parser.parse(); fail(); }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ arg=0+new s0.0;
     @Test
     public void testLoop() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar bar = new Bar;
 while (arg) {
     bar.a = bar.a + 2;
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ while (arg) {
 return bar.a;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse(false).iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop13,0,(Phi_a+2));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop14,0,(Phi_a+2));", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIf() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar bar = new Bar;
 if (arg) bar = null;
 bar.a = 1;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ return bar.a;
     @Test
     public void testIf2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar? bar = null;
 if (arg) bar = new Bar;
 bar.a = 1;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ return bar.a;
     @Test
     public void testIf3() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar bar = null;
 if (arg) bar = null;
 bar.a = 1;
@@ -148,21 +148,21 @@ return bar.a;
     @Test
     public void testIfOrNull() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar? bar = new Bar;
 if (arg) bar = null;
 if( bar ) bar.a = 1;
 return bar;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse(false).iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Region33,(*void)Phi(Region20,null,Bar),null);", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Region34,(*void)Phi(Region21,null,Bar),null);", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIfOrNull2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct Bar { int a; }
+struct Bar { int a; };
 Bar? bar = new Bar;
 if (arg) bar = null;
 int rez = 3;
@@ -171,13 +171,13 @@ else bar.a = 1;
 return rez;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse(false).iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Region39,4,3);", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Region40,4,3);", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testWhileWithNullInside() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 {int v0;}
+struct s0 {int v0;};
 s0? v0 = new s0;
 int ret = 0;
 while(arg) {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ return ret;
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
 struct s0 {
     int v0;
-}
+};
 s0? v1=new s0;
 s0? v1;
 v1=new s0;
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ v1=new s0;
 struct Iter {
     int x;
     int len;
-}
+};
 Iter i = new Iter;
 i.len = arg;
 int sum=0;
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ while( i.x < i.len ) {
 return sum;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop18,0,(Phi(Loop,0,(Phi_x+1))+Phi_sum));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop20,0,(Phi(Loop,0,(Phi_x+1))+Phi_sum));", stop.toString());
     }
 
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ return sum;
     @Test
     public void test1() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 {int v0;}
+struct s0 {int v0;};
 s0 ret = new s0;
 while(arg) {
     s0 v0 = new s0;
@@ -246,13 +246,13 @@ while(arg) {
 return ret;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop13,s0,Phi(Region37,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop14,s0,Phi(Region38,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void test2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 {int v0;}
+struct s0 {int v0;};
 s0 ret = new s0;
 s0 v0 = new s0;
 while(arg) {
@@ -264,14 +264,14 @@ while(arg) {
 return ret;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop17,s0,Phi(Region38,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop18,s0,Phi(Region39,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
     }
 
 
     @Test
     public void test3() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 {int v0;}
+struct s0 {int v0;};
 s0 ret = new s0;
 while(arg < 10) {
     s0 v0 = new s0;
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ while(arg < 10) {
 return ret;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop13,s0,Phi(Region35,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop14,s0,Phi(Region36,s0,Phi_ret));", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ return ret;
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
 struct s0 {
     int f0;
-}
+};
 if(0>=0) return new s0;
 return new s0;
 int v0=null.f0;
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ if(0) {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
 struct s0 {
     int f0;
-}
+};
 if(0) return 0;
 else return new s0;
 if(new s0.f0) return 0;
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ return 0;
     @Test
     public void testBug7() {
         Parser parser = new Parser("""
-struct s0 {  int f0; }
+struct s0 {  int f0; };
 s0 v0 = new s0;
 while(v0.f0) {}
 s0 v1 = v0;
diff --git a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter11Test.java b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter11Test.java
index 5f9f9cac..4998d78f 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter11Test.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter11Test.java
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ return primeCount;
     public void testAntiDeps1() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v=new S;
 v.f = 2;
 int i=new S.f;
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ return i;
     public void testAntiDeps2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 v.f = arg;
 S t = new S;
@@ -369,14 +369,14 @@ if (arg) {
 return i;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Region40,.f,0);", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Region41,.f,0);", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testAntiDeps3() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v0 = new S;
 S? v1;
 if (arg) v1 = new S;
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ return v0;
     public void testAntiDeps4() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 v.f = arg;
 S t = new S;
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ return i;
     public void testAntiDeps5() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 while(1) {
     while(arg+1) { arg=arg-1; }
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ return v;
     public void testAntiDeps6() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct s { int v; }
+struct s { int v; };
 s ptr=new s;
 while( -arg )
   ptr = new s;
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ while(1)
     public void testAntiDeps7() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 S t = new S;
 int i = v.f;
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ return i;
     public void testAntiDeps8() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 S t = new S;
 while(arg) {
@@ -476,14 +476,14 @@ while(arg) {
 return arg;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
-        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop17,arg,Phi(Region42,.f,0));", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Loop18,arg,Phi(Region43,.f,0));", stop.toString());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testAntiDeps9() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S { int f; }
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 S t = new S;
 if (arg) {
@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ return v;
     @Test
     public void testExample2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
-                """
-struct S { int f; }
+"""
+struct S { int f; };
 S v = new S;
 int i = arg;
 while (arg > 0) {
diff --git a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter13Test.java b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter13Test.java
index 416aba31..a95a6155 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter13Test.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter13Test.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ return 3.14;
     public void testLinkedList0() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct LLI { LLI? next; int i; }
+struct LLI { LLI? next; int i; };
 LLI? head = null;
 while( arg ) {
     LLI x = new LLI;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ return head.next.i;
     public void testLinkedList1() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct LLI { LLI? next; int i; }
+struct LLI { LLI? next; int i; };
 LLI? head = null;
 while( arg ) {
     LLI x = new LLI;
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ return next.i;
     public void testCoRecur() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct int0 { int i; flt0? f; }
-struct flt0 { flt f; int0? i; }
+struct int0 { int i; flt0? f; };
+struct flt0 { flt f; int0? i; };
 int0 i0 = new int0;
 i0.i = 17;
 flt0 f0 = new flt0;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ return f0.i.f.i.i;
     public void testNullRef0() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct N { N next; int i; }
+struct N { N? next; int i; };
 N n = new N;
 return n.next;
 """);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ return n.next;
     public void testNullRef1() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct N { N next; int i; }
+struct N { N next; int i; };
 N n = new N;
 n.next = new N;
 return n.next;
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ return n.next;
     public void testNullRef2() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct N { N next; int i; }
+struct N { N next; int i; };
 N n = new N;
 n.next = null;
 return n.next;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ return n.next;
     public void testNullRef3() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct N { N next; int i; }
+struct N { N next; int i; };
 N n = new N;
 n.i = 3.14;
 return n.i;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ struct S{};
     public void testForwardRef0() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S1 { S2 s; }
+struct S1 { S2 s; };
 return new S2;
 """);
         try { parser.parse().iterate(); fail(); }
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ return new S2;
     public void testForwardRef1() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct S1 { S2? s; }
-struct S2 { int x; }
+struct S1 { S2? s; };
+struct S2 { int x; };
 return new S1.s=new S2;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ return new S1.s=new S2;
     public void testcheckNull() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
-struct I {int i;}
-struct P {I pi;}
+struct I {int i;};
+struct P {I pi;};
 P p1 = new P;
 P p2 = new P;
 p2.pi = new I;
diff --git a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter16Test.java b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter16Test.java
index d49d7ede..7adc5b10 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter16Test.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Chapter16Test.java
@@ -10,12 +10,23 @@ import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+/**
+   struct S {
+     int x;     // default init of 0
+     S? x;      // default init of null
+     int !x;    // final   init required in constructor
+     S x;       //         init required in constructor
+     int !x=17; // final   init done now, not in constructor
+     S  x = ...;//         init done now, not in constructor
+   };
+
+ */
+
 public class Chapter16Test {
 
     @Test
     public void testJig() {
-        Parser parser = new Parser(
-"""
+        Parser parser = new Parser("""
 return 3.14;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
@@ -24,11 +35,60 @@ return 3.14;
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testBasicFinal() {
+    public void testMulti0() {
         Parser parser = new Parser(
 """
+int x, y;
+return x+y;
+""");
+        StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
+        assertEquals("return 0;", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals(0L, Evaluator.evaluate(stop,  0));
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testMulti1() {
+        Parser parser = new Parser(
+"""
+int x=2, y=x+1;
+return x+y;
+""");
+        StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
+        assertEquals("return 5;", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals(5L, Evaluator.evaluate(stop,  0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFinal0() {
+        Parser parser = new Parser(
+"""
+int !x=2;
+x=3;
+return x;
+""");
+        try { parser.parse().iterate(); fail(); }
+        catch( Exception e ) { assertEquals("Cannot reassign final 'x'",e.getMessage()); }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFinal1() {
+        Parser parser = new Parser(
+"""
+int !x=2, y=3;
+if( arg ) { int x = y; x = x*x; y=x; } // Shadow final x
+return y;
+""");
+        StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
+        assertEquals("return Phi(Region18,9,3);", stop.toString());
+        assertEquals(3L, Evaluator.evaluate(stop, 0));
+        assertEquals(9L, Evaluator.evaluate(stop, 1));
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStructFinal() {
+        Parser parser = new Parser("""
 struct Point { int !x, !y; }
-Point p = new P { x=3; y=4; }
+Point p = new Point { x=3; y=4; }
 return p;
 """);
         StopNode stop = parser.parse().iterate();
diff --git a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/TypeTest.java b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/TypeTest.java
index cb45a0d7..6f7409cd 100644
--- a/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/TypeTest.java
+++ b/chapter16/src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/TypeTest.java
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ public class TypeTest {
     @Test
     public void testTypeAdHoc() {
         TypeStruct s1 = TypeStruct.make("s1", new Field[]{
-                Field.make("a",-1, TypeInteger.BOT),
-                Field.make("b",-2, TypeInteger.BOT) });
+                Field.make("a", TypeInteger.BOT,-1, false),
+                Field.make("b", TypeInteger.BOT,-2, false) });
         TypeStruct s2 = TypeStruct.make("s2", new Field[]{
-                Field.make("a",-3, TypeInteger.BOT),
-                Field.make("b",-4, TypeInteger.BOT) });
+                Field.make("a", TypeInteger.BOT,-3, false),
+                Field.make("b", TypeInteger.BOT,-4, false) });
         Assert.assertEquals(s1, s1.glb());
         Assert.assertNotEquals(s1, s1.dual());
         Assert.assertEquals(s1, s1.dual().glb());