Merge pull request #262 from com-junkawasaki/docs/japanese-chapters

docs: add Japanese translations for all chapters

4 files changed, 343 insertions, 22 deletions

diff --git a/chapter17b/README.ja.md b/chapter17b/README.ja.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94585031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chapter17b/README.ja.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# 第17b章: 糖衣構文
+
+[English](README.md) | 日本語
+
+[前: 第17a章](../chapter17a/README.ja.md) |
+[次: 第18章](../chapter18/README.ja.md)
+
+この文書は [原文](README.md) の日本語訳です。
+
+この章の[完全な言語文法](docs/17-grammar.ja.md)はこちらです。
+
+## 目次
+
+1. [前置・後置インクリメント](#前置後置インクリメント)
+2. [複合代入](#複合代入)
+3. [var/val](#var-と-val)
+4. [三項演算](#三項演算)
+5. [for ループ](#for-ループ)
+
+第17a章では、代入で確認する権限を確立しました。この章ではその権限を変えずに、代入と制御フローを短く書く方法を追加します。その後、第18章で関数と呼び出しを導入します。
+
+## 前置・後置インクリメント
+
+`arg++` と `arg--` を、通常の意味で許します。値を更新し、式の値は更新前の値になります。最長一致を使うので、`arg---arg` は `(arg--)-arg` としてパースします。
+
+`s.fld++` と `ary[idx]++`、それらの `--` 版も許します。
+
+前置インクリメントは、今のところ識別子についてだけ許します。例は `--pc` です。
+
+## 複合代入
+
+後置インクリメントと同じ方向で、局所変数への `op=` 代入も、ほかの言語に似た意味論で許すようになります。サポートする演算子は `+=`、`-=`、`*=`、`/=`、`&=`、`|=`、`^=`、`<<=`、`>>=`、`>>>=` です。ビット演算とシフトの代入には整数オペランドが必要です。`>>=` は符号を保持し、`>>>=` はゼロを入れます。代入は右辺を1回評価し、結果を変数の型に狭めて格納し、その格納値を式の結果とします。代入は、`x |= y <<= 2` のように右から左に結合します。
+
+## var と val
+
+`var` と `val` は変数を宣言し、その型を推論します。`var` は再代入可能な束縛、`val` は固定の束縛を推論します。両方とも初期化式のアクセス権限を保ちます。どちらも、書き込み可能なオブジェクトを読み取り専用にはしません。この2つの独立した権限は[第17a章](../chapter17a/README.ja.md)から来ています。
+
+```cpp
+struct Point { int x; };
+val p = new Point; // Fixed binding to a writable new object
+p.x = 3;           // Allowed
+// p = new Point;  // Error: fixed binding
+Point view = p;    // Explicit read-only view
+var q = view;      // Reassignable binding, still read-only access
+// q.x = 4;        // Error: cannot restore write permission by inference
+```
+
+型推論には初期化子が必須です。プリミティブでは広い数値型（`int` または `flt`）を推論し、参照ではアクセス権限を保持します。再代入可能な推論された参照は、後で空の値を保持できるように null を許容します。明示的な型は、宣言された幅と null 許容性を維持します。関数パラメータには依然として明示的な型が必要です。
+
+## 三項演算
+
+`pred ? e_true : e_false` を許します。`pred ? e_true` も許し、この場合の false の結果は true の結果のゼロ型版です。
+
+## for ループ
+
+C/C++ 形式の `for` ループを許します。
+
+`for( init; test; next ) body`
+
+例:
+
+```cpp
+int sum=0;
+for( int i=0; i<arg; i++ )
+    sum += i;
+return sum;
+```
+
+`init`、`test`、`next` のどれも空にできます。`init` には新しい変数の宣言を許し、そのスコープは `for` 式に限定されます。
+
+```cpp
+int sum=0;
+for( int i=0; i<arg; i++ )
+    sum += i;
+return i; // ERROR: Undefined name 'i'
+```
+
+誤った `find` 呼び出し:
+
+```cpp
+for( int i=0; i<ary#; i++ )
+  if( ary[i]==e )
+    break;
+do_stuff(i); // ERROR: undefined name 'i'
+```
+
+`find` 呼び出しの例:
+
+```cpp
+for( int i=0; i<ary#; i++ )
+  if( ary[i]==e )
+    return i;
+return -1;
+```
diff --git a/chapter17b/README.md b/chapter17b/README.md
index 5bdfb9e4..d2c73584 100644
--- a/chapter17b/README.md
+++ b/chapter17b/README.md
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 # Chapter 17b: Syntax Sugar
 
+English | [日本語](README.ja.md)
+
 [Previous: Chapter 17a](../chapter17a/README.md) |
 [Next: Chapter 18](../chapter18/README.md)
 
 
+Here is the [complete language grammar](docs/17-grammar.md) for this chapter.
+
 ## Table of Contents
 
 1. [Pre/Post-increment](#prepost-increment)
@@ -11,7 +15,6 @@
 3. [var/val](#var--val)
 4. [Trinary](#trinary)
 5. [For Loops](#for-loops)
-6. [Memory effects](#memory-effects)
 
 Chapter 17a established the permissions checked by assignments. This chapter
 adds shorter ways to write assignments and control flow without changing those
diff --git a/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.ja.md b/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.ja.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..284a3de3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.ja.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# 第17b章の文法
+
+[English](17-grammar.md) | 日本語
+
+```antlrv4
+grammar SimpleLanguage;
+
+// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions
+// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules.
+program : statement* EOF ;
+
+block : '{' statement* '}' ;
+
+statement
+    : block
+    | returnStatement
+    | ifStatement
+    | whileStatement
+    | forStatement
+    | breakStatement
+    | continueStatement
+    | structDeclaration
+    | declaration ';'
+    | assignment ';'
+    | ';'
+    ;
+
+returnStatement   : 'return' assignment ';' ;
+ifStatement       : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ;
+whileStatement    : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ;
+breakStatement    : 'break' ';' ;
+continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ;
+
+forStatement
+    : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement
+    ;
+
+structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER block ';' ;
+
+declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ;
+declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ;
+binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ;
+bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ;
+initializer : assignment ;
+
+// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array.
+// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference.
+type
+    : primitiveType typeSuffix*
+    | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix*
+    ;
+accessModifier : '!' | '~' ;
+typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ;
+typeName : IDENTIFIER ;
+
+primitiveType
+    : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64'
+    | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool'
+    | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64'
+    ;
+
+assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ;
+assignmentOperator
+    : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^='
+    | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>='
+    ;
+
+expression : bitwiseExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ;
+
+bitwiseExpression
+    : comparisonExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') comparisonExpression)*
+    ;
+
+comparisonExpression
+    : shiftExpression (('==' | '!=' | '<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=') shiftExpression)*
+    ;
+
+shiftExpression
+    : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)*
+    ;
+
+additiveExpression
+    : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)*
+    ;
+
+multiplicativeExpression
+    : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)*
+    ;
+
+unaryExpression
+    : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression
+    | updateOperator IDENTIFIER
+    | postfixExpression
+    ;
+
+// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields
+// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand.
+updateOperator : '++' | '--' ;
+postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ;
+postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' ;
+
+primaryExpression
+    : INTEGER_LITERAL
+    | FLOAT_LITERAL
+    | 'true'
+    | 'false'
+    | 'null'
+    | IDENTIFIER
+    | '(' assignment ')'
+    | newExpression
+    ;
+
+// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length.
+newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ;
+
+INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ;
+FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' DIGIT+) ;
+IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ;
+fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ;
+fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ;
+WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ;
+LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ;
+```
diff --git a/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.md b/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.md
index 9a70f323..88f6fc93 100644
--- a/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.md
+++ b/chapter17b/docs/17-grammar.md
@@ -1,22 +1,123 @@
-# Chapter 17b grammar additions
-
-Start with [Chapter 17a's declaration syntax](../../chapter17a/docs/17-grammar.md).
-This chapter adds inference, assignment shortcuts, conditional expressions, and
-`for` loops. Access and binding permissions keep the same meaning.
-
-```text
-inferredDeclaration = ("var" | "val") ("!" | "~")? identifier "=" assignment
-assignment          = expression (assignmentOperator assignment)?
-assignmentOperator  = "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "&=" | "|=" | "^="
-                    | "<<=" | ">>=" | ">>>="
-expression          = bitwise ("?" assignment (":" assignment)?)?
-prefixUpdate        = ("++" | "--") identifier
-postfixUpdate       = lvalue ("++" | "--")
-forStatement        = "for" "(" declarationOrExpression? ";" assignment? ";"
-                      assignment? ")" statement
-```
+# Grammar for Chapter 17b
+
+English | [日本語](17-grammar.ja.md)
+
+```antlrv4
+grammar SimpleLanguage;
+
+// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions
+// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules.
+program : statement* EOF ;
+
+block : '{' statement* '}' ;
+
+statement
+    : block
+    | returnStatement
+    | ifStatement
+    | whileStatement
+    | forStatement
+    | breakStatement
+    | continueStatement
+    | structDeclaration
+    | declaration ';'
+    | assignment ';'
+    | ';'
+    ;
+
+returnStatement   : 'return' assignment ';' ;
+ifStatement       : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ;
+whileStatement    : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ;
+breakStatement    : 'break' ';' ;
+continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ;
+
+forStatement
+    : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement
+    ;
+
+structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER block ';' ;
+
+declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ;
+declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ;
+binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ;
+bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ;
+initializer : assignment ;
+
+// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array.
+// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference.
+type
+    : primitiveType typeSuffix*
+    | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix*
+    ;
+accessModifier : '!' | '~' ;
+typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ;
+typeName : IDENTIFIER ;
+
+primitiveType
+    : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64'
+    | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool'
+    | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64'
+    ;
 
-Declarations can contain several comma-separated names. `var` permits
-reassignment and `val` fixes the binding; both retain the initializer's reference
-permissions. Postfix updates also support fields and array elements. Prefix
-updates currently support local names. See the README for evaluation order.
+assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ;
+assignmentOperator
+    : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^='
+    | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>='
+    ;
+
+expression : bitwiseExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ;
+
+bitwiseExpression
+    : comparisonExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') comparisonExpression)*
+    ;
+
+comparisonExpression
+    : shiftExpression (('==' | '!=' | '<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=') shiftExpression)*
+    ;
+
+shiftExpression
+    : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)*
+    ;
+
+additiveExpression
+    : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)*
+    ;
+
+multiplicativeExpression
+    : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)*
+    ;
+
+unaryExpression
+    : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression
+    | updateOperator IDENTIFIER
+    | postfixExpression
+    ;
+
+// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields
+// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand.
+updateOperator : '++' | '--' ;
+postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ;
+postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' ;
+
+primaryExpression
+    : INTEGER_LITERAL
+    | FLOAT_LITERAL
+    | 'true'
+    | 'false'
+    | 'null'
+    | IDENTIFIER
+    | '(' assignment ')'
+    | newExpression
+    ;
+
+// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length.
+newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ;
+
+INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ;
+FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' DIGIT+) ;
+IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ;
+fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ;
+fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ;
+WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ;
+LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ;
+```