Chapter 5: If Statement, Phi, and Region

Co-authored-by: Dibyendu Majumdar <mobile@majumdar.org.uk>
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Co-authored-by: Tamas Hadhazy <helsgithub15@gmail.com>
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+# Grammar for Chapter 1
+
+```antlrv4
+grammar SimpleLanguage;
+
+program
+    : statement+ EOF
+    ;
+
+statement
+    : returnStatement
+    | declStatement
+    | blockStatment
+    | expressionStatement
+    | ifStatement
+    ;
+
+ifStatement
+    : 'if' '(' expression ')' statement ('else' statement)?
+    ;
+
+
+expressionStatement
+    : IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    ;
+
+blockStatement
+    : '{' statement+ '}'
+    ;
+
+declStatement
+    : 'int' IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    ;
+
+returnStatement
+    : 'return' expression ';'
+    ;
+
+expression
+    : comparisonExpression
+    ;
+
+comparisonExpression
+    : additiveExpression (('==' | '!='| '>'| '<'| '>='| '<=') additiveExpression)*
+    ;
+
+additiveExpression
+    : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)*
+    ;
+
+multiplicativeExpression
+    : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)*
+    ;
+
+unaryExpression
+    : ('-') unaryExpression
+    | primaryExpression
+    ;
+
+primaryExpression
+    : IDENTIFIER
+    | INTEGER_LITERAL
+    | 'true'
+    | 'false'
+    | '(' expression ')'
+    ;
+
+INTEGER_LITERAL
+    : [1-9][0-9]*
+    | [0]
+    ;
+
+IDENTIFIER
+    : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)*
+    ;
+
+NON_DIGIT: [a-zA-Z_];
+DEC_DIGIT: [0-9];
+```