Chapter 16: Constructors and Final fields

Co-authored-by: Thalia Archibald <thalia@archibald.dev>

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+# Grammar for Chapter 16
+
+```antlrv4
+grammar SimpleLanguage;
+
+program : block EOF ;
+
+block : statement+ ;
+
+
+statement
+    : '{' block '}'
+    | returnStatement
+    | ifStatement
+    | whileStatement
+    | breakStatement
+    | continueStatement
+    | metaStatement
+    | structDeclaration
+    | expressionStatement
+    ;
+
+
+returnStatement : 'return' expression ';' ;
+
+ifStatement : 'if' '(' expression ')' statement ('else' statement)? ;
+
+whileStatement : 'while' '(' expression ')' statement ;
+
+breakStatement : 'break' ';' ;
+
+continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ;
+
+metaStatement : '#showGraph' ';' ;
+
+structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' block '}'  ;
+
+expressionStatement
+    : type IDENTIFIER ';'
+    | type IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    |      IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';'
+    |                     expression
+    ;
+
+PRIMTYPE
+    : 'int'
+    | 'i8'
+    | 'i16'
+    | 'i32'
+    | 'i64'
+    | 'u8'
+    | 'u16'
+    | 'u32'
+    | 'flt'
+    | 'f32'
+    | 'f64'
+    | 'bool'
+    ;
+
+type
+    : PRIMTYPE
+    | typeName '?'?
+    | typeName nestedArray+
+    ;
+
+nestedArray : '?'?  '[]'* ;
+
+typeName : IDENTIFIER ;
+
+
+expression : bitWiseExpression ;
+
+bitWiseExpression
+    : comparisonExpression ( '&' | '|' | '^' ) comparisonExpression)*
+    ;
+    
+comparisonExpression
+    : shiftExpression (('==' | '!='| '>'| '<'| '>='| '<=') shiftExpression)*
+    ;
+
+shiftExpression
+    : additiveExpression ( '<<' | '>>>' | '>>' ) additiveExpression)*
+    ;
+    
+additiveExpression
+    : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)*
+    ;
+
+multiplicativeExpression
+    : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)*
+    ;
+
+unaryExpression
+    : ('-') unaryExpression
+    | '!' unaryExpression
+    | primaryExpression postAssign
+    ;
+
+primaryExpression
+    : INTEGER_LITERAL
+    | FLOAT_LITERAL
+    | '(' expression ')'
+    | 'true'
+    | 'false'
+    | 'null'
+    | newExpression
+    | IDENTIFIER
+    ;
+
+newExpression 
+    : 'new' IDENTIFIER [ '{' block '}' ]
+    | 'new' IDENTIFIER '[' expression ']'
+    ;
+
+postAssign : postFix [ '=' expression ] | [ '#' ];
+
+postFix
+    : '.' IDENTIFIER      postFix
+    | '[' expression ']'  postFix
+    ;
+
+
+IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)*  ;
+
+INTEGER_LITERAL
+    : [1-9]DIGIT*
+    | [0]
+    ;
+
+NON_DIGIT: [a-zA-Z_];
+DIGIT: [0-9];
+```