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| author | Dibyendu Majumdar <mobile@majumdar.org.uk> | 2023-08-19 08:52:57 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Dibyendu Majumdar <mobile@majumdar.org.uk> | 2026-10-25 14:24:09 -0700 |
| commit | 5728a38120004e61fe4d49c756dc2c18649f5431 (patch) | |
| tree | ad93aa0cff278a9f15915653aae8a2206c0248e7 /docs | |
| download | Simple-5728a38120004e61fe4d49c756dc2c18649f5431.tar.gz Simple-5728a38120004e61fe4d49c756dc2c18649f5431.zip | |
Chapter 1: Introduction
Co-authored-by: Cliff Click <cliffc@acm.org>
Co-authored-by: Thalia Archibald <thalia@archibald.dev>
Co-authored-by: hadha <helsgithub15@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: XmiliaH <45106915+XmiliaH@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tamás Hadházy <85063808+Hels15@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jun Kawasaki <jun784@gmail.com>
Diffstat (limited to 'docs')
28 files changed, 2616 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/appendices/README.md b/docs/appendices/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9e39770c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Appendices + +These notes supplement the numbered compiler snapshots; they do not introduce +another compiler directory. + +- [Native library construction](native-libraries.md): bundled `sys`, native + symbols and thunks, runtime support, and executable examples in Chapter 28b. +- [Optimizer and backend tuning](optimizer-tuning.md): spill ranking, + rematerialization, inlining, and historical measurements from the split's + original snapshots. [Measurement methods](../regalloc-spills.md) describe + what those numbers include. diff --git a/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md b/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..012b8137 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +# Native library construction + +The complete compiler is [Chapter 28b](../chapter28b/README.md). This appendix +collects the library and native support that accompanied the old combined +Chapter 25. The split preserves that functionality in Chapter 28b. + +## Building the library + +From `chapter28b`, run: + +```sh +make lib release +``` + +Make builds `build/release/Simple.jar` and, under the selected CPU/ABI directory, +`sys.o` and `simple_crt.o`. The default CPU is x86-64; the default calling +convention is win64 on Windows and SystemV elsewhere. Rebuild serialized +objects after changing the compiler or object format. + +`src/main/smp/sys.smp` exposes child units for native libc bindings, I/O, +characters, scanners, arrays, growable buffers, and bitsets. These compile into +one `sys.o`. Clients import its declarations and ideal IR and link calls that +remain out of line. Currently selecting that object loads all its saved IR; +member-selective loading and reliable incremental rebuilding remain future work. + +The `simple.sh`, `simple.ps1`, and `simple.bat` launchers set `SIMPLE_HOME` so +the compiler can find the release library. The CLI accepts `-L` for additional +Simple objects or search directories. The chapter README gives an explicit +library/client example that needs no library source in the client root. + +## Native symbols and pointer sizes + +Native function calls and numeric native data symbols have ELF relocations. +The historical `Chapter25Test.testExternDataEncoding` and `testExternDataImports` +exercise native data; `StaticDataTest` covers addresses +and static images. A data symbol names storage, whereas a function symbol names +callable code; loading the former and calling the latter require different IR. + +Simple function pointers currently occupy four bytes. On AMD64, a native +function address names a low-address tail-jump thunk, which can reach native +code outside that range. A weak symbol gives static fields and computed +addresses the same entry across objects; direct calls can still use the native +PLT. This preserves constant initialization of function fields without storing +an eight-byte native address in a four-byte slot. The native linker must place +these Simple entries in the representable address range. + +Data pointers still occupy eight bytes. Compact code/data arenas and distinct +full-width native pointer types are [future designs](../roadmap.md#compact-code-and-data-arenas). + +## Runtime and examples + +`src/main/c/simple_crt.c` supplies the errno accessor and converts native process +arguments to Simple byte arrays for an exported `simple_main` function. This +explicit function entry is distinct from the language's class initializer: +the selected initializer still receives the integer `arg`. General class +initializer argument arrays remain a roadmap item. + +The executable examples live in +[`src/test/smp/examples`](../../src/test/smp/examples): Hello World, +Bubble Sort, Capitalize, Dijkstra, and FileIO. The existing Chapter25Test tests +compile and link them through the native harness. `make tests` builds the +library/runtime prerequisites and runs those checks; a Java-only build does +not produce the native prerequisites. + +The compiler's in-memory evaluator and the native driver have different entry +interfaces. Use the matching harness when comparing their results, especially +for programs taking an argument array or performing I/O. diff --git a/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3bbd2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +# 最適化とバックエンドの調整 + +These measurements are from the numbered snapshots before the 2026-10 split. +In this historical table, Ch 24 means the retired combined SCCP snapshot and +Ch 25 means the retired combined modules/constructor/import snapshot. +They are not new measurements of the extracted chapters. The implementation +continues in [Separate Compilation](../chapter28b/README.md). + +## RegAlloc の改良: 生存区間の面積と分割コスト + +第24章はループ Phi の高頻度辺を分割する前に、低頻度のコピーを試しました。この章ではさらに、スピルがスケジュール済みコードのどれだけをレジスタ圧力から解放するかを推定し、新しいコピーの推定コストで割ります。callee-save 区間は関数全体を覆います。複製可能な定数は使用の近くで再構築できます。ループ内のコピーは高コストなので、`8^loopDepth` で重み付けします。特に多数の使用を持つ値については、低コストな近似です。 + +複数の固定レジスタ使用を直接分割する規則や、一部の複数定義区間をより深く分割する規則など、第25章のほかの衝突処理はここに残します。サイズのしきい値はヒューリスティックであり、最初の割り当て器へバックポートすべき一般的不変条件ではありません。共有される合法性修正は、引き続き最も早い該当章から始めます。最終監査は第20〜25章の固定隣接ノードの色バイアス、第20〜21章の狭いストアマスク、第21〜25章の ARM レジスタバンク／浮動小数点メモリエンコーディングを修正しました。 + +第21章の隣接コピー転送も引き継ぎます。次の命令だけで使うコピーは、オペランドがコピー元レジスタを受け入れ、命令の結果に結び付けられていなければ除去します。 + +現在の比較は、固定したテスト群を行、コンパイラの章を列にした +[英語版の測定表](optimizer-tuning.md#regalloc-improvements-live-range-area-and-split-cost) を参照してください。 +各セルは ARM/RISC-V の実行命令数、そのうち割り当て器が生成したコピーなどの命令数、 +x86 のループ重み付き移動数を示します。これらは異なる指標です。 +対象、入力、除外項目は [測定方法](../regalloc-spills.md) にあります。 +古い測定群の集計値と混ぜて比較しないでください。 + +クラス初期化、インライン化、エスケープ解析、ライブラリの変更もグラフを変えます。 +章をまたぐ差を割り当て器だけの品質差と解釈せず、同じ入力とコンパイラで +ヒューリスティックを比較してください。 diff --git a/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88428df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# Optimizer and backend tuning + +These measurements are from the numbered snapshots before the 2026-10 split. +In this historical table, Ch 24 means the retired combined SCCP snapshot and +Ch 25 means the retired combined modules/constructor/import snapshot. +They are not new measurements of the extracted chapters. The implementation +continues in [Separate Compilation](../chapter28b/README.md). + +## RegAlloc improvements: try cold loop splits first + +A loop Phi and its backedge can belong to one live range even though their +values must coexist at some instruction. This self-conflict requires splitting +the range. Chapter 23 split the Phi's definition and incoming values right away. +This chapter first leaves the hot definition/backedge alone and tries the +outside-loop copies. If coloring succeeds, it avoids moves on every iteration. +Other conflicts, including two-address operations, keep their existing handling. + +The allocator remembers which Phis have had this chance. If the same Phi +self-conflicts again, the next attempt uses the ordinary aggressive splitting. +The record uses Phi identity because live ranges are rebuilt each round. It +also covers a backedge-only conflict where the first attempt inserts no copy: +that attempt must still consume the one permitted delay. A regression checks +both the cheaper first attempt and the mandatory fallback. + +## RegAlloc improvements: live-range area and split cost + +Chapter 24 tried cold copies before splitting a loop Phi's hot edges. This +chapter also estimates how much scheduled code a spill frees from register +pressure, divided by the estimated cost of the new copies. Callee-save ranges +cover a whole function. Cloneable constants can be rebuilt nearer their uses. +Copies inside loops cost more: the estimate weights them by `8^loopDepth`. +These are inexpensive approximations, especially for values with many uses. + +A single-use function address in the same block gets priority for +rematerialization when it is separated from its use. Moving that address +calculation next to the use adds no instruction and avoids preserving a +callee-save register merely to hold the constant. Adjacent uses and multi-use +addresses retain the area/cost ranking. + +Rows are fixed test cohorts; columns are compiler chapters. Each cell gives +**Ops / RA / X**: executed ARM+RISC-V instructions, the subset emitted for +allocator copies/rematerializations, and x86's loop-weighted split-move estimate. +**Cases D / X** counts measured dynamic program/target cases and x86 compilations; +membership and inputs stay fixed across columns. Native-library work is excluded. +Chapter 20 has no encoder, hence no dynamic counts. Lower is better within each +metric; see the [measurement details](../regalloc-spills.md) for coverage. + +<!-- spill-matrix:start --> +| Test cohort | Cases D / X | Ch 20: Ops / RA / X | Ch 21: Ops / RA / X | Ch 22: Ops / RA / X | Ch 23: Ops / RA / X | Ch 24: Ops / RA / X | Ch 25: Ops / RA / X | +|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 / 13 | — / — / 161 | 55,173 / 5,407 / 174 | 58,751 / 9,099 / 175 | 58,736 / 9,084 / 184 | 58,720 / 9,068 / 183 | 58,965 / 9,076 / 208 | +| Ch 21 | 20 / 18 | | 6,207 / 261 / 461 | 6,324 / 379 / 475 | 6,326 / 381 / 475 | 6,325 / 380 / 470 | 6,196 / 219 / 534 | +| Ch 22 | 14 / 8 | | | 198 / 60 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 252 / 92 / 11 | +| Ch 23 | 14 / 8 | | | | 630 / 160 / 36 | 630 / 160 / 36 | 864 / 358 / 36 | +| Ch 24 | 36 / 20 | | | | | 4,923 / 1,341 / 790 | 4,646 / 1,335 / 609 | +| Ch 25 | 2 / 12 | | | | | | 20 / 0 / 1,856 | +<!-- spill-matrix:end --> + + +Chapter 25 introduces several features, which when run on the older tests +generate a lot more code, which in turn generates more spills. + +Class initialization, inlining, escape analysis, and library adaptations +all change the graphs. To help with this, we adjust the inlining +heuristics to try to inline and optimize the boilerplate. diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.gv b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.svg b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.68,-549.6C568.33,-539.99 430.36,-514.68 359.64,-501.71"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="360.44,-498.29 349.97,-499.93 359.18,-505.18 360.44,-498.29"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>FLT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="494.51" cy="-492.79" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="478.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="494.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->FLT_TOP --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->FLT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M621.99,-545.5C598.79,-536.09 559.6,-520.19 530.78,-508.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="532.29,-505.34 521.7,-504.82 529.65,-511.82 532.29,-505.34"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR --> +<g id="node22" class="node"> +<title>PTR</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-519.29 614.51,-519.29 614.51,-466.29 668.51,-466.29 668.51,-519.29"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="630.63" y="-498.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-476.49" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTR --> +<g id="edge33" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTR</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-492.79" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->MEM_TOP --> +<g id="edge46" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->MEM_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.51,-549.91C717.64,-540.7 867.72,-515.64 947.33,-502.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="947.77,-505.82 957.06,-500.72 946.62,-498.91 947.77,-505.82"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="node34" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1182.51" cy="-492.79" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1175.01" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 133.91,-170.3 142.42,-164.42"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.27,-167.4 150.5,-158.83 140.29,-161.64 144.27,-167.4"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO->INT_BOT --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>INT_LO->INT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M210.07,-127.29C234.52,-118.37 266.93,-106.56 291.82,-97.49"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="292.71,-100.89 300.91,-94.17 290.31,-94.31 292.71,-100.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="node16" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON64</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="564.51" cy="-282.65" rx="55.33" ry="40.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-294.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">64b consts</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[excludes</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-261.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts]</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-312.52 333.51,-302.52 330.01,-312.53 337.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON0 --> +<g id="node20" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="251.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18.08" ry="18.08"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="251.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0.</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge24" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M314.9,-352.7C301.83,-338.47 284.38,-319.46 271.1,-304.99"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="273.81,-302.77 264.47,-297.77 268.65,-307.5 273.81,-302.77"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON0->FLT_CON32 --> +<!-- FLT_CON0->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge26" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON0->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M263.96,-268.86C276.06,-256.44 294.74,-237.26 309.69,-221.91"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="312.03,-224.53 316.5,-214.92 307.01,-219.64 312.03,-224.53"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_32->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge28" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_32->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M353.13,-183.63C383.19,-163.99 440.9,-126.28 476.61,-102.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="478.34,-105.99 484.79,-97.59 474.51,-100.13 478.34,-105.99"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR0 --> +<g id="node23" class="node"> +<title>PTR0</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-109.25 614.51,-109.25 614.51,-56.25 668.51,-56.25 668.51,-109.25"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="627.63" y="-88.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr?</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-66.45" font-family="Times New 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class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="671.71,-34.51 661.25,-32.82 668.37,-40.67 671.71,-34.51"/> +</g> +<!-- 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+<!-- MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="node31" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="975.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="975.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#1</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="edge47" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M996.51,-474.51C992.58,-438.66 983.84,-358.73 978.96,-314.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="982.45,-313.94 977.89,-304.38 975.5,-314.7 982.45,-313.94"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="node32" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1036.51" cy="-282.65" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1036.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> +<title>MEM_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" 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1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-243.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN --> +<g id="edge59" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1192.06,-474.88C1207.65,-445.62 1239.24,-386.36 1263.24,-341.32"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1266.22,-343.18 1267.83,-332.71 1260.04,-339.88 1266.22,-343.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="node35" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1192.51" cy="-82.75" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1169.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.gv b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.svg b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="478pt" height="501pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 477.96 500.90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 496.9)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-496.9 473.96,-496.9 473.96,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-463.91" rx="59.04" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-467.11" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-450.61" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->VALH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.15,-434.61C234.93,-429.02 234.85,-423.06 234.9,-417.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-417.69 235.12,-407.61 231.39,-417.52 238.39,-417.69"/> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>INTHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-376.92" rx="37.83" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INTHQ --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INTHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M283.22,-443.83C314.91,-429.81 357.78,-410.83 389.39,-396.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="390.53,-400.16 398.26,-392.92 387.7,-393.76 390.53,-400.16"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRHQ->LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRH_ --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>PTRH_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-289.94" rx="36.77" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.15,-347.62C37.93,-342.03 37.85,-336.07 37.9,-330.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-330.71 38.12,-320.63 34.39,-330.54 41.39,-330.71"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<!-- NILX_ --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>NILX_</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="150.13" cy="-289.94" rx="56.39" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[int,tmp]+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.41,-354.26C82.91,-344.33 97.94,-332.4 111.56,-321.58"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.43,-324.56 119.09,-315.6 109.08,-319.08 113.43,-324.56"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTHQ --> +<!-- VALH_->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M201.21,-359.13C167.78,-344.71 119.68,-323.96 85.33,-309.14"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="87.1,-306.09 76.53,-305.35 84.33,-312.52 87.1,-306.09"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_ --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INTH_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-289.94" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M278.53,-358.93C311.9,-344.16 360.02,-322.86 393.48,-308.05"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="394.67,-311.35 402.4,-304.1 391.84,-304.95 394.67,-311.35"/> +</g> +<!-- NIL__ --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>NIL__</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="324.13" cy="-289.94" rx="62.23" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[+int+tmp],0</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->NIL__ --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->NIL__</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M264.43,-351.34C272.67,-343.01 282.01,-333.55 290.83,-324.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="293.12,-327.3 297.66,-317.72 288.14,-322.38 293.12,-327.3"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_ --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>VALL_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-115.97" rx="39.42" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int,tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->VALL_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-348.1C426.94,-342.37 426.85,-336.25 426.9,-330.21"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="430.39,-330.42 427.13,-320.34 423.39,-330.26 430.39,-330.42"/> +</g> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M396.99,-365.33C350,-351.17 266.03,-325.87 209.23,-308.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="210.28,-305.41 199.69,-305.88 208.26,-312.11 210.28,-305.41"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI->VALH_ --> +<!-- LEFTHI->NILX_ --> +<!-- PTRL_ --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>PTRL_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-202.96" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-206.16" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-189.66" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRH_->PTRL_ --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>PTRH_->PTRL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.17,-261.11C37.94,-255.39 37.85,-249.26 37.9,-243.22"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-243.44 38.13,-233.36 34.39,-243.27 41.39,-243.44"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRH_->PTRL_ --> +<!-- INTL_ --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INTL_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-202.96" rx="27" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-206.16" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-189.66" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int</text> +</g> +<!-- INTH_->INTL_ --> +<g id="edge16" class="edge"> +<title>INTH_->INTL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-261.11C426.94,-255.39 426.85,-249.26 426.9,-243.22"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="430.39,-243.44 427.13,-233.36 423.39,-243.27 430.39,-243.44"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_->INTL_ --> +<!-- NILX_->NIL__ --> +<!-- NILX_->VALL_ --> +<g id="edge21" 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g.addEventListener?g.removeEventListener(a,b,!1):(j.detachEvent("on"+a,b),g.detachEvent("on"+a,b))};var t={},C=!1,x=function(){for(var a in t)t[a](),delete t[a]},i=function(){C||(C=!0,x())};c.attachEvent("beforeunload",i);c.attachEvent("unload",i);c.unload_add=function(a){var b=c.random_string(8);return t[b]=a,C&&c.delay(x), +b};c.unload_del=function(a){a in t&&delete t[a]};c.createIframe=function(a,b){var f=j.createElement("iframe"),d,h,m=function(){clearTimeout(d);try{f.onload=null}catch(a){}f.onerror=null},g=function(){f&&(m(),setTimeout(function(){f&&f.parentNode.removeChild(f);f=null},0),c.unload_del(h))};return f.src=a,f.style.display="none",f.style.position="absolute",f.onerror=function(){f&&(g(),b("onerror"))},f.onload=function(){clearTimeout(d);d=setTimeout(function(){f&&(g(),b("onload timeout"))},2E3)},j.body.appendChild(f), 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g.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(e){}if(g.ActiveXObject|| +g.XDomainRequest)b+=(-1===b.indexOf("?")?"?":"&")+"t="+ +new Date;h.unload_ref=c.unload_add(function(){h._cleanup(!0)});try{h.xhr.open(a,b,!0)}catch(j){h.emit("finish",0,"");h._cleanup();return}if(!d||!d.no_credentials)h.xhr.withCredentials="true";if(d&&d.headers)for(var i in d.headers)h.xhr.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);h.xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){if(h.xhr){var a=h.xhr;switch(a.readyState){case 3:try{var b=a.status,c=a.responseText}catch(d){}c&&0<c.length&&h.emit("chunk",b,c);break;case 4:h.emit("finish", +a.status,a.responseText),h._cleanup(!1)}}};h.xhr.send(f)};i.prototype._cleanup=function(a){if(this.xhr){c.unload_del(this.unload_ref);this.xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){};if(a)try{this.xhr.abort()}catch(b){}this.unload_ref=this.xhr=null}};i.prototype.close=function(){this.nuke();this._cleanup(!0)};(c.XHRCorsObject=function(){var a=this,b=arguments;c.delay(function(){a._start.apply(a,b)})}).prototype=new i;(c.XHRLocalObject=function(a,b,f){var d=this;c.delay(function(){d._start(a,b,f,{no_credentials:!0})})}).prototype= +new i;i=c.XDRObject=function(a,b,f){var d=this;c.delay(function(){d._start(a,b,f)})};i.prototype=new k(["chunk","finish"]);i.prototype._start=function(a,b,f){var d=this,h=new XDomainRequest,b=b+((-1===b.indexOf("?")?"?":"&")+"t="+ +new Date),g=h.ontimeout=h.onerror=function(){d.emit("finish",0,"");d._cleanup(!1)};h.onprogress=function(){d.emit("chunk",200,h.responseText)};h.onload=function(){d.emit("finish",200,h.responseText);d._cleanup(!1)};d.xdr=h;d.unload_ref=c.unload_add(function(){d._cleanup(!0)}); +try{d.xdr.open(a,b),d.xdr.send(f)}catch(e){g()}};i.prototype._cleanup=function(a){if(this.xdr){c.unload_del(this.unload_ref);this.xdr.ontimeout=this.xdr.onerror=this.xdr.onprogress=this.xdr.onload=null;if(a)try{this.xdr.abort()}catch(b){}this.unload_ref=this.xdr=null}};i.prototype.close=function(){this.nuke();this._cleanup(!0)};c.isXHRCorsCapable=function(){return g.XMLHttpRequest&&"withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest?1:g.XDomainRequest&&j.domain?2:s.enabled()?3:4};var e=function(a,b,f){var d=this, +h;d._options={devel:!1,debug:!1,protocols_whitelist:[],info:void 0,rtt:void 0};f&&c.objectExtend(d._options,f);d._base_url=c.amendUrl(a);d._server=d._options.server||c.random_number_string(1E3);d._options.protocols_whitelist&&d._options.protocols_whitelist.length?h=d._options.protocols_whitelist:("string"==typeof b&&0<b.length?h=[b]:c.isArray(b)?h=b:h=null,h&&d._debug('Deprecated API: Use "protocols_whitelist" option instead of supplying protocol list as a second parameter to SockJS constructor.')); +d._protocols=[];d.protocol=null;d.readyState=e.CONNECTING;d._ir=N(d._base_url);d._ir.onfinish=function(a,b){d._ir=null;a?(d._options.info&&(a=c.objectExtend(a,d._options.info)),d._options.rtt&&(b=d._options.rtt),d._applyInfo(a,b,h),d._didClose()):d._didClose(1002,"Can't connect to server",!0)}};e.prototype=new p;e.version="0.3.2";e.CONNECTING=0;e.OPEN=1;e.CLOSING=2;e.CLOSED=3;e.prototype._debug=function(){this._options.debug&&c.log.apply(c,arguments)};e.prototype._dispatchOpen=function(){this.readyState=== +e.CONNECTING?(this._transport_tref&&(clearTimeout(this._transport_tref),this._transport_tref=null),this.readyState=e.OPEN,this.dispatchEvent(new n("open"))):this._didClose(1006,"Server lost session")};e.prototype._dispatchMessage=function(a){this.readyState===e.OPEN&&this.dispatchEvent(new n("message",{data:a}))};e.prototype._dispatchHeartbeat=function(){this.readyState===e.OPEN&&this.dispatchEvent(new n("heartbeat",{}))};e.prototype._didClose=function(a,b,f){var d=this;if(d.readyState!==e.CONNECTING&& +d.readyState!==e.OPEN&&d.readyState!==e.CLOSING)throw Error("INVALID_STATE_ERR");d._ir&&(d._ir.nuke(),d._ir=null);d._transport&&(d._transport.doCleanup(),d._transport=null);var h=new n("close",{code:a,reason:b,wasClean:c.userSetCode(a)});if(!c.userSetCode(a)&&d.readyState===e.CONNECTING&&!f){if(d._try_next_protocol(h))return;h=new n("close",{code:2E3,reason:"All transports failed",wasClean:!1,last_event:h})}d.readyState=e.CLOSED;c.delay(function(){d.dispatchEvent(h)})};e.prototype._didMessage=function(a){switch(a.slice(0, +1)){case "o":this._dispatchOpen();break;case "a":for(var a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"[]"),b=0;b<a.length;b++)this._dispatchMessage(a[b]);break;case "m":a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"null");this._dispatchMessage(a);break;case "c":a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"[]");this._didClose(a[0],a[1]);break;case "h":this._dispatchHeartbeat()}};e.prototype._try_next_protocol=function(a){var b=this;b.protocol&&(b._debug("Closed transport:",b.protocol,""+a),b.protocol=null);for(b._transport_tref&&(clearTimeout(b._transport_tref), +b._transport_tref=null);;){a=b.protocol=b._protocols.shift();if(!a)return!1;if(e[a]&&!0===e[a].need_body&&(!j.body||"undefined"!=typeof j.readyState&&"complete"!==j.readyState))return b._protocols.unshift(a),b.protocol="waiting-for-load",c.attachEvent("load",function(){b._try_next_protocol()}),!0;if(e[a]&&e[a].enabled(b._options)){b._transport_tref=c.delay((b._options.rto||0)*(e[a].roundTrips||1)||5E3,function(){b.readyState===e.CONNECTING&&b._didClose(2007,"Transport timeouted")});var f=c.random_string(8), +f=b._base_url+"/"+b._server+"/"+f;return b._debug("Opening transport:",a," url:"+f," RTO:"+b._options.rto),b._transport=new e[a](b,f,b._base_url),!0}b._debug("Skipping transport:",a)}};e.prototype.close=function(a,b){if(a&&!c.userSetCode(a))throw Error("INVALID_ACCESS_ERR");return this.readyState!==e.CONNECTING&&this.readyState!==e.OPEN?!1:(this.readyState=e.CLOSING,this._didClose(a||1E3,b||"Normal closure"),!0)};e.prototype.send=function(a){if(this.readyState===e.CONNECTING)throw Error("INVALID_STATE_ERR"); +return this.readyState===e.OPEN&&this._transport.doSend(c.quote(""+a)),!0};e.prototype._applyInfo=function(a,b,f){this._options.info=a;this._options.rtt=b;this._options.rto=c.countRTO(b);this._options.info.null_origin=!j.domain;b=c.probeProtocols();this._protocols=c.detectProtocols(b,f,a)};i=e.websocket=function(a,b){var f=this,d=b+"/websocket";"https"===d.slice(0,5)?d="wss"+d.slice(5):d="ws"+d.slice(4);f.ri=a;f.url=d;f.ws=new (g.WebSocket||g.MozWebSocket)(f.url);f.ws.onmessage=function(a){f.ri._didMessage(a.data)}; +f.unload_ref=c.unload_add(function(){f.ws.close()});f.ws.onclose=function(){f.ri._didMessage(c.closeFrame(1006,"WebSocket connection broken"))}};i.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.ws.send("["+a+"]")};i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){var a=this.ws;a&&(a.onmessage=a.onclose=null,a.close(),c.unload_del(this.unload_ref),this.unload_ref=this.ri=this.ws=null)};i.enabled=function(){return!!g.WebSocket||!!g.MozWebSocket};i.roundTrips=2;var l=function(){};l.prototype.send_constructor=function(a){this.send_buffer= +[];this.sender=a};l.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.send_buffer.push(a);this.send_stop||this.send_schedule()};l.prototype.send_schedule_wait=function(){var a=this,b;a.send_stop=function(){a.send_stop=null;clearTimeout(b)};b=c.delay(25,function(){a.send_stop=null;a.send_schedule()})};l.prototype.send_schedule=function(){var a=this;if(0<a.send_buffer.length){var b="["+a.send_buffer.join(",")+"]";a.send_stop=a.sender(a.trans_url,b,function(){a.send_stop=null;a.send_schedule_wait()});a.send_buffer= +[]}};l.prototype.send_destructor=function(){this._send_stop&&this._send_stop();this._send_stop=null};var O=function(a,b,f){if(!("_send_form"in this)){var d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. Go home! "+k.message)}d.submit();var l=function(){e.onerror&&(e.onreadystatechange=e.onerror=e.onload=null,c.delay(500,function(){e.parentNode.removeChild(e);e=null}),h.value="",f())};return e.onerror=e.onload=l,e.onreadystatechange=function(){"complete"==e.readyState&& +l()},l},P=function(a){return function(b,c,d){return(new a("POST",b+"/xhr_send",c)).onfinish=function(a){d(a)},function(a){d(0,a)}}},i=e["jsonp-polling"]=function(a,b){c.polluteGlobalNamespace();this.ri=a;this.trans_url=b;this.send_constructor(O);this._schedule_recv()};i.prototype=new l;i.prototype._schedule_recv=function(){var a=this,b=a.trans_url+"/jsonp",f="a"+c.random_string(6),b=b+"?c="+escape("_jp."+f),d=function(b){delete g._jp[f];a._recv_stop=null;b&&(a._is_closing||a.ri._didMessage(b));a._is_closing|| +a._schedule_recv()},e,m=j.createElement("script"),i,k=function(a){i&&(i.parentNode.removeChild(i),i=null);m&&(clearTimeout(e),m.parentNode.removeChild(m),m.onreadystatechange=m.onerror=m.onload=m.onclick=null,m=null,d(a),d=null)},l=!1,p=null;m.id="a"+c.random_string(8);m.src=b;m.type="text/javascript";m.charset="UTF-8";m.onerror=function(){p||(p=setTimeout(function(){l||k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onerror)"))},1E3))};m.onload=function(){k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onload)"))}; +m.onreadystatechange=function(){if(/loaded|closed/.test(m.readyState)){if(m&&m.htmlFor&&m.onclick){l=!0;try{m.onclick()}catch(a){}}m&&k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onreadystatechange)"))}};if("undefined"==typeof m.async&&j.attachEvent)if(/opera/i.test(navigator.userAgent))i=j.createElement("script"),i.text="try{var a = document.getElementById('"+m.id+"'); if(a)a.onerror();}catch(x){};",m.async=i.async=!1;else{try{m.htmlFor=m.id,m.event="onclick"}catch(n){}m.async=!0}"undefined"!= +typeof m.async&&(m.async=!0);e=setTimeout(function(){k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (timeout)"))},35E3);b=j.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];b=(b.insertBefore(m,b.firstChild),i&&b.insertBefore(i,b.firstChild),k);g._jp[f]=b;a._recv_stop=function(){g._jp[f]&&g._jp[f](c.closeFrame(1E3,"JSONP user aborted read"))}};i.enabled=function(){return!0};i.need_body=!0;i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){this._is_closing=!0;this._recv_stop&&this._recv_stop();this.ri=this._recv_stop=null;this.send_destructor()}; +i=function(){};i.prototype=new l;i.prototype.run=function(a,b,c,d,e){this.ri=a;this.trans_url=b;this.send_constructor(P(e));this.poll=new E(a,d,b+c,e)};i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){this.poll&&(this.poll.abort(),this.poll=null)};var w=e["xhr-streaming"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr_streaming",y,c.XHRCorsObject)};w.prototype=new i;w.enabled=function(){return g.XMLHttpRequest&&"withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest&&!/opera/i.test(navigator.userAgent)};w.roundTrips=2;w.need_body=!0;l=e["xdr-streaming"]= +function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr_streaming",y,c.XDRObject)};l.prototype=new i;l.enabled=function(){return!!g.XDomainRequest};l.roundTrips=2;var F=e["xhr-polling"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr",y,c.XHRCorsObject)};F.prototype=new i;F.enabled=w.enabled;F.roundTrips=2;w=e["xdr-polling"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr",y,c.XDRObject)};w.prototype=new i;w.enabled=l.enabled;w.roundTrips=2;var s=function(){};s.prototype.i_constructor=function(a,b,f){var d=this;d.ri=a;d.origin=c.getOrigin(f);d.base_url= +f;d.trans_url=b;a=f+"/iframe.html";d.ri._options.devel&&(a+="?t="+ +new Date);d.window_id=c.random_string(8);a+="#"+d.window_id;d.iframeObj=c.createIframe(a,function(a){d.ri._didClose(1006,"Unable to load an iframe ("+a+")")});d.onmessage_cb=c.bind(d.onmessage,d);c.attachMessage(d.onmessage_cb)};s.prototype.doCleanup=function(){if(this.iframeObj){c.detachMessage(this.onmessage_cb);try{this.iframeObj.iframe.contentWindow&&this.postMessage("c")}catch(a){}this.iframeObj.cleanup();this.onmessage_cb=this.iframeObj= +this.iframeObj=null}};s.prototype.onmessage=function(a){if(a.origin===this.origin){var b=a.data.slice(0,8),c=a.data.slice(8,9),a=a.data.slice(9);if(b===this.window_id)switch(c){case "s":this.iframeObj.loaded();this.postMessage("s",JSON.stringify([e.version,this.protocol,this.trans_url,this.base_url]));break;case "t":this.ri._didMessage(a)}}};s.prototype.postMessage=function(a,b){this.iframeObj.post(this.window_id+a+(b||""),this.origin)};s.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.postMessage("m",a)};s.enabled= +function(){var a=navigator&&navigator.userAgent&&-1!==navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Konqueror");return("function"==typeof g.postMessage||"object"==typeof g.postMessage)&&!a};var G,H=function(a,b){parent!==g?parent.postMessage(G+a+(b||""),"*"):c.log("Can't postMessage, no parent window.",a,b)},u=function(){};u.prototype._didClose=function(a,b){H("t",c.closeFrame(a,b))};u.prototype._didMessage=function(a){H("t",a)};u.prototype._doSend=function(a){this._transport.doSend(a)};u.prototype._doCleanup=function(){this._transport.doCleanup()}; 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f0a91ee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# 第1章の文法 + +[English](01-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +この文書は [第1章の文法定義](01-grammar.md) の日本語版です。文法定義そのものは原文と同一です。 + +[第1章：導入に戻る](README.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +program + : statement EOF + ; + +statement + : 'return' expression ';' + ; + +expression + : primaryExpression + ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL + : [1-9][0-9]* + | [0] + ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.md b/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1fe965cb --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 1 + +English | [日本語](01-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +program + : statement EOF + ; + +statement + : 'return' expression ';' + ; + +expression + : primaryExpression + ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL + : [1-9][0-9]* + | [0] + ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-graph.gv b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..df256f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.gv @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +digraph chapter01 { +/* +return 1; +*/ + rankdir=BT; + ordering="in"; + concentrate="true"; + subgraph cluster_Nodes { + Start1 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Start" ]; + Con_2 [ label="#1" ]; + Return3 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Return" ]; + } + edge [ fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=8 ]; + Con_2 -> Start1[taillabel=0 style=dotted]; + Return3 -> Start1[taillabel=0 color=red]; + Return3 -> Con_2[taillabel=1]; +} diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-graph.json b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f489c4fe --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.json @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +{ + "ver": 1, + "comp": "chapter01/docs/01-graph.svg", + "step": 1, + "roots": [], + "scope": 0, + "nodes": [ + {"id": 1, "label": "Start", "type": null, "kind": "CTRL", "edges": [], "proj": null}, + {"id": 2, "label": "#1", "type": null, "kind": "DATA", "edges": [{"idx": 0, "def": 1, "role": "ASSOC", "label": null}], "proj": null}, + {"id": 3, "label": "Return", "type": null, "kind": "CTRL", "edges": [{"idx": 0, "def": 1, "role": "CTRL", "label": null}, {"idx": 1, "def": 2, "role": "DATA", "label": null}], "proj": null} + ], + "groups": [ + ] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-graph.svg b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6f1d8204 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-graph.svg @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +<svg aria-label="Compiler graph" width="320" height="208" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 208" style="font-family: sans-serif;"><style> + html, body { height:100%; margin:0; font-family:sans-serif; } + .viewer { height:100%; display:grid; grid-template-rows:auto minmax(0,1fr) auto; } + .source { padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc; } + #program { width:min(600px,80vw); vertical-align:middle; } + #status { margin-top:4px; } + #graph { min-height:0; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background:#fafbfc; } + #elk { width:100%; height:100%; } + #graph svg { display:block; } + .tools { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; margin-top:8px; font-size:12px; } + .hint { color:#616c78; } + .ctrl { color:#b63838; } .mem { color:#2867b2; } .data { color:#536477; } + .edge { fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; } + .edge.CTRL { stroke-width:2; } + .edge.ASSOC { stroke-dasharray:4 4; } + .edge.PARSER { stroke-dasharray:5 4; } + .parser rect { fill:#f6f0ff; stroke:#7956a5; stroke-width:1.5; stroke-dasharray:5 4; } + .edge.selected { stroke-width:3.5; } + .edge.bundle { stroke-width:4; } + .edge.bundle.selected { stroke-width:6; } + .edge-hit { fill:none; 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} + .fold-btn { cursor:pointer; } + .fold-btn rect { fill:white; stroke:#596674; } + .fold-btn text { font-size:14px; fill:#152330; } + .fold-btn:focus rect { stroke:#1569b9; stroke-width:2; } + .shortcut { cursor:pointer; } + .shortcut path { fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; } + .shortcut rect { fill:#fff8ec; stroke:#b63838; stroke-dasharray:3 2; } + .shortcut text { font-size:11px; fill:#783030; } + .shortcut.selected rect, .shortcut:focus rect { stroke-width:2.5; } + .label { font-size:12px; fill:#152330; font-weight:600; } + .node-id { font-size:10px; fill:#596674; font-weight:400; } + .type { font-size:11px; fill:#455768; } + .port { stroke:#536477; stroke-width:1; } + .row { stroke:#b6afcf; stroke-width:1; } + .bind { font-size:12px; fill:#152330; } + .slot { font-size:10px; fill:#364352; paint-order:stroke; stroke:#fafbfc; stroke-width:3; } + #detail { position:absolute; top:8px; right:8px; margin:0; padding:12px; max-width:320px; + max-height:45%; overflow:auto; white-space:pre-wrap; overflow-wrap:anywhere; + background:#fffffff2; border:1px solid #bac5d0; border-radius:4px; font-size:12px; } + .controls { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; align-items:center; gap:6px; padding:6px; } + .button { color:white; background:black; font-size:20px; min-width:30px; } + .button:disabled { background:grey; } + .count { font-size:20px; min-width:35px; text-align:center; } + #N { width:6ch; } + #scrub { width:clamp(120px,35vw,600px); } + </style><defs><marker id="arrow-CTRL" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#b63838"/></marker><marker id="arrow-DATA" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#536477"/></marker><marker id="arrow-MEM" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#2867b2"/></marker><marker id="arrow-ASSOC" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#9396a3"/></marker><marker id="arrow-PARSER" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#7956a5"/></marker></defs><rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="rgb(250, 251, 252)"/><g><g class="regions" style="opacity: 1;"/><rect class="peep-area" rx="36" style="opacity: 0;"/><g class="edges"><path class="edge ASSOC" id="e2i0" d="M84,77 C84,101 236,3 236,27" stroke="#9396a3" marker-start="url(#arrow-ASSOC)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#2[0] → #1 · ASSOC</title></path><path class="edge CTRL" id="e3i0" d="M84,80 L84,128" stroke="#b63838" marker-start="url(#arrow-CTRL)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#3[0] → #1 · CTRL</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e3i1" d="M236,80 L236,85 Q236,90 231,90 L132,90 Q124,90 124,98 L124,128" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#3[1] → #2 · DATA</title></path></g><g class="edge-hits"/><g class="parser" style="opacity: 1;"/><g class="nodes"><g class="node" id="n1" data-id="1" transform="translate(24,30)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>Start</tspan><tspan class="node-id"> #1</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#1 Start +Type not computed + +</title></g><g class="node" id="n2" data-id="2" transform="translate(176,30)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>#1</tspan><tspan class="node-id"> #2</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#2 #1 +Type not computed + +[0] → #1 ASSOC</title><circle class="port" cx="60" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="60" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text></g><g class="node" id="n3" data-id="3" transform="translate(44,134)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>Return</tspan><tspan class="node-id"> #3</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#3 Return +Type not computed + +[0] → #1 CTRL +[1] → #2 DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="40" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="80" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="40" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="80" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text></g></g><g class="region-heads" style="opacity: 1;"/><g class="shortcuts" style="opacity: 1;"/><g class="peep-ghosts" pointer-events="none"/></g></svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter01/01-use-def.gv b/docs/chapter01/01-use-def.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0e84ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/01-use-def.gv @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +digraph chapter01 { + rankdir=BT; 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[実装言語](#実装言語) +2. [前提](#前提) +3. [アーキテクチャ](#アーキテクチャ) +4. [ノードのグラフとしての中間表現](#ノードのグラフとしての中間表現) +5. [ノードはグラフを構成する](#ノードはグラフを構成する) +6. [ノードの種類](#ノードの種類) +7. [一意なノード ID](#一意なノード-id) +8. [Start ノード](#start-ノード) +9. [Constant ノード](#constant-ノード) +10. [Return ノード](#return-ノード) +11. [表現](#表現) +12. [参考文献](#参考文献) + +[linear](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear) ブランチの直線的な Git の変更履歴をたどって +[この章](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear-chapter01)を読むこともできます。 + +この章では、次のような単純なスクリプトをコンパイルすることを目指します。 + +``` +return 1; +``` + +`return` 文を実装します。`return` 文は引数として `expression` を受け取ります。 +上の例のように、扱える `expression` の種類は整数リテラルだけです。 + +この単純な言語を実装するために、いくつかの主要な構成要素とデータ構造を導入します。 + +この章の[言語の文法全体](01-grammar.ja.md)はこちらです。 + +## 実装言語 + +実装言語は Java です。広く利用でき、多くの人に知られているため、Java を選びました。 + +## 前提 + +読者が従来の線形な中間表現を理解し、基本ブロック（Basic Block）や +制御フローグラフ（Control Flow Graph）などの用語に馴染みがあることを前提としています。 +ここではこれらの話題を説明しません。必要であれば、標準的なコンパイラの教科書を参照してください。 + +## アーキテクチャ + +言語を解析しながら、Sea of Nodes（SoN）の中間表現を直接構築します。 +抽象構文木（AST）による表現は作りません。これは SoN IR の大きな利点の1つ、 +つまり言語の解析中にさまざまな悲観的ピープホール最適化を行えることを示すためです。 +この点は[第2章](../chapter02/README.ja.md)以降でさらに詳しく説明します。 +最終的には、型解析のパスを必要とせずに、プログラム全体の型付けができるようになります。 + +### ノードのグラフとしての中間表現 + +中間表現は Node オブジェクトのグラフです。`Node` クラスは、IR グラフ内のオブジェクトの基底型です。 +`Node` クラスは、すべてのサブタイプに継承される共通機能を提供します。 +サブタイプは、それぞれに対応する意味を実装します。たとえば、AddNode は加算し、MulNode は乗算します。 + +各 `Node` は、従来の IR に現れるような「命令」を表します。 + +### ノードはグラフを構成する + +Sea of Nodes IR の中心的な考え方は、各ノードが定義と使用（def-use）の依存関係によって +ほかのノードと結ばれていることです。これは IR の非常に重要で基本的な側面なので、 +その実装方法と、グラフ図での表し方を理解することが重要です。 + +基底クラス `Node` は、そのノードへの入力となるノードのリストを保持します。 +入力とは、「使用（use）」から「定義（def）」へのエッジです。 +つまり、`B` が定義で、`A` が `B` を使用する場合、`B` には `B` から `A` への def→use エッジがあり、 +それに対応して `A` には `A` から `B` への入力の use→def エッジがあります。 + +図では、「使用」から「定義」への矢印を描きます。次はその例です。 + + + +実装では、`Node` 型は両方向のリンクを保持します。上の例では、次のようになります。 + +* `A` は `B` の「使用」なので、`B` は `A` の入力リストに含まれます。 +* 逆に、`B` は出力リストを保持し、そのリストには `A` が含まれます。 +* これらのエッジが常に対応していることが、重要な不変条件です。 + +`Node` クラスでは、次のようになっています。 + +```java +public abstract class Node { + + /** + * Inputs to the node. These are use-def references to Nodes. + * <p> + * Generally fixed length, ordered, nulls allowed, no unused trailing space. + * Ordering is required because e.g. "a/b" is different from "b/a". + * The first input (offset 0) is often a Control node. + */ + public final ArrayList<Node> _inputs; + + /** + * Outputs reference Nodes that are not null and have this Node as an + * input. These nodes are users of this node, thus these are def-use + * references to Nodes. + * <p> + * Outputs directly match inputs, making a directed graph that can be + * walked in either direction. These outputs are typically used for + * efficient optimizations but otherwise have no semantic meaning. + */ + public final ArrayList<Node> _outputs; +} +``` + +### ノードの種類 + +中間表現には、2種類のノードがあります。 + +* **制御ノード**：コンパイルしたプログラムの制御フローグラフ（CFG）を表します。 +* **データノード**：データの意味を表します。 + +この章には、次の制御ノードとデータノードが登場します。 + +| ノード名 | 種類 | 説明 | 入力 | 値 | +|----------|------|------|------|----| +| Start | 制御 | 関数の開始 | なし | まだ関数の引数がないため、現時点ではなし | +| Return | 制御 | 関数の終了を表す | 先行する制御ノードと、値を供給するデータノード | 関数の戻り値 | +| Constant | データ | 整数リテラルなどの定数を表す | なし。ただし、グラフをたどれるように Start ノードを入力に設定する | 定数の値 | + +従来の基本ブロックでは、命令は順番に実行されます。Sea of Nodes モデルでは、 +グラフのエッジとして明示されているノード間の依存関係（制御依存関係を含む）だけに基づく +スケジューリングアルゴリズムが、命令の正しい順序を決めます。 +すべての依存関係を常に参照できるため、非常に低いコスト +（ほぼ常に小さな定数時間）で多くの最適化を行えます。 + +### 一意なノード ID + +各ノードには、作成時に一意な、密に割り当てられた整数のノード ID を付けます。 +この ID はデバッグや効率的な等価性の判定、たとえばビットベクトルへの添字として役立ちます。 +ビットベクトルを使うと、循環を含む可能性のあるグラフを効率的に訪問できます。 +ノードの等価性については[第9章](../chapter09/README.ja.md)で説明します。 + +### Start ノード + +Start ノードは、関数の開始を表します。関数がまだパラメータを受け取らないため、現時点では Start に入力はありません。 +パラメータを追加すると、Start の値はタプルになり、その値を取り出すために射影（Projection）が必要になります。 +これについては[第4章](../chapter04/README.ja.md)で詳しく説明します。 + +### Constant ノード + +Constant ノードは定数値を表します。現時点で許す定数は整数リテラルだけなので、Constant は整数値を保持します。 +ほかの種類の定数を追加する際には、Constant の表現方法をリファクタリングします。 + +定数には意味上の入力はありません。ただし、グラフを順方向にたどれるようにするために、 +Start を Constant の入力に設定します。このエッジには意味上の役割はなく、 +ノードを訪問できるようにするため*だけ*に存在します。 + +Constant の値は、そこに格納されている値です。 + +### Return ノード + +Return ノードには2つの入力があります。第1の入力は制御ノードで、 +第2の入力は戻り値を供給するデータノードです。 + +この章では複数の `return` 文を使えないため、Return がプログラムを終了します。 +Stop ノードは、`if` 文を実装する[第5章](../chapter05/README.ja.md)で導入します。 + +Return の出力は、データノードから得られる値です。 + +### 表現 + +次のプログラムを可視化します。 + +``` +return 1; +``` + + + +* 制御ノードは、背景が薄い黄色の長方形で示しています。 +* 制御エッジは赤色で、データエッジより太く描いています。 +* Constant から Start へのエッジは、本当の制御エッジではないため、灰色の破線で示しています。 +* 各エッジには、`_inputs` 配列内での位置をラベルとして付けています。したがって `0` は、そのエッジが `_inputs[0]` であることを意味します。 + +## 参考文献 + +データ構造は、次の論文で説明されている内容に基づいています。 + +* [From Quads to Graphs: An Intermediate Representation's Journey](http://softlib.rice.edu/pub/CRPC-TRs/reports/CRPC-TR93366-S.pdf) +* [Combining Analyses, Combining Optimizations](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/201059.201061) +* [A Simple Graph-Based Intermediate Representation](https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/c2-ir95-150110.pdf) +* [Global Code Motion Global Value Numbering](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse501/06wi/reading/click-pldi95.pdf) +* [EasySSA](https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0ww4sgl3ynep9hhe3i4xn/EasySSA.pdf?rlkey=2cp78hzxke62flkmyneiebzoz&dl=0) +* [SeaOfNodes](https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/cxykfvlzsmlcatyg6rlbt/SeaOfNodes.pdf?rlkey=z6o7y3rwr6atrejilcze6r8x0&e=1&dl=0) + +これらに倣い、中間表現をオブジェクト指向のデータモデルで表します。 +以降で、この表現の詳細を説明します。 diff --git a/docs/chapter01/README.md b/docs/chapter01/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13a4216b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter01/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +# Chapter 1: Introduction + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Introduction](../../README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 2](../chapter02/README.md) + +# Table of Contents + +1. [Implementation Language](#implementation-language) +2. [Assumptions](#assumptions) +3. [Architecture](#architecture) +4. [Data Structures](#data-structures) +5. [Intermediate Representation as a Graph of Nodes](#intermediate-representation-as-a-graph-of-nodes) +6. [Nodes are in a Graph](#nodes-are-in-a-graph) +7. [Types of Nodes](#types-of-nodes) +8. [Unique Node ID](#unique-node-id) +9. [Start Node](#start-node) +10. [Constant Node](#constant-node) +11. [Return Node](#return-node) +12. [Representation](#representation) + +You can also read [this chapter](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear-chapter01) in a linear Git revision history on the [linear](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear) branch. + + +In this chapter we aim to compile simple scripts such as: + +``` +return 1; +``` + +We implement the `return` statement. +The `return` statement accepts an `expression` as an argument. +The only `expression` type is an integer literal, as shown in the example above. + +To implement this simple language, we introduce a few key components and data structures. + +Here is the [complete language grammar](01-grammar.md) for this chapter. + + +## Implementation Language + +Our implementation language is Java. We chose Java as it is widely available and understood. + +## Assumptions + +We assume that the reader is familiar with traditional linear intermediate representations, and is familiar with terms such as Basic Block, Control Flow Graph, etc. No attempt is made to explain these topics. +If necessary the reader can consult a standard compiler textbook. + +## Architecture + +We construct the intermediate Sea of Nodes (SoN) representation directly as we +parse the language. There is no Abstract Syntax Tree representation. The reason +for this is to demonstrate a key benefit of the SoN IR: a number of pessimistic +peephole optimizations can be performed while parsing a language. This aspect +is more fully explored from [Chapter 2](../chapter02/README.md) onwards, and +eventually leads to a full-fledged program typing without needing any +type-analysis passes. + +### Intermediate Representation as a Graph of Nodes + +The intermediate representation is a graph of Node objects. The `Node` class is the base type for objects in the IR graph. +The `Node` class provides common capabilities that are inherited by all subtypes. +Subtypes implements semantics relevant to that subtype, e.g. AddNodes add and MulNodes multiply. + +Each `Node` represents an "instruction" as it may appear in traditional IRs. + +### Nodes are in a Graph + +The key idea of the Sea of Nodes IR is that each Node is linked to other Nodes +by def-use dependencies. As this is such an important and fundamental aspect +of the IR, it is important to understand how we implement this, and depict this +in graph visuals. + +The base `Node` class maintains a list of Nodes that are inputs to it. An +input is an edge from a "use" to a "def". What this means is that if `B` is a +definition, and `A` uses `B`, then `B` has a def->use edge from `B` to `A` and +correspondingly A has an input use->def edge from `A` to `B`. + +Visually we show an arrow from the "use" to the "def". Here is an example: + + + +From an implementation point of view, our `Node` type also maintains a both links. +This means that in the above scenario: + +* Since `A` is a "use" of `B`, then `B` will appear in `A`'s list of inputs. +* Conversely, `B` maintains a list of outputs, and `A` will appear in this list. +* A key invariant is that these edges must be in sync at all times. + +Here is how this looks in the `Node` class: + +```java +public abstract class Node { + + /** + * Inputs to the node. These are use-def references to Nodes. + * <p> + * Generally fixed length, ordered, nulls allowed, no unused trailing space. + * Ordering is required because e.g. "a/b" is different from "b/a". + * The first input (offset 0) is often a Control node. + */ + public final ArrayList<Node> _inputs; + + /** + * Outputs reference Nodes that are not null and have this Node as an + * input. These nodes are users of this node, thus these are def-use + * references to Nodes. + * <p> + * Outputs directly match inputs, making a directed graph that can be + * walked in either direction. These outputs are typically used for + * efficient optimizations but otherwise have no semantic meaning. + */ + public final ArrayList<Node> _outputs; +} +``` + +### Types of Nodes + +There are two categories of Nodes in the intermediate representation. + +* **Control Nodes** - these represent the Control Flow Graph (CFG) of the compiled program +* **Data Nodes** - these capture the data semantics + +The following control and data nodes appear in this chapter. + +| Node Name | Type | Description | Inputs | Value | +|-----------|---------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------| +| Start | Control | Start of function | None | None for now as we do not have function arguments yet | +| Return | Control | Represents the termination of a function | Predecessor control node, Data node value | Return value of the function | +| Constant | Data | Represents constants such as integer literals | None, however Start node is set as input to enable graph walking | Value of the constant | + +Within a traditional basic block, instructions are executed in sequence. In the +Sea of Nodes model, the correct sequence of instructions is determined by a +scheduling algorithm that depends only on dependencies between nodes (including +control dependencies) that are explicit as edges in the graph. This enables a +number of optimizations at very little cost (nearly always small constant time) +because all dependencies are always available. + +### Unique Node ID + +Each node is assigned a unique dense integer Node ID when created. This ID is +useful for debugging, efficiently computing equality and e.g. as an index into +a bit vector, which in turn is used to efficiently visit a (possibly cyclic) +graph. We discuss Node equality in [Chapter 9](../chapter09/README.md). + +### Start Node + +The Start node represents the start of the function. For now, we do not have any inputs to Start because our function does not +yet accept parameters. When we add parameters the value of Start will be a tuple, and will require Projections to extract the values. +We discuss this in detail in [Chapter 4](../chapter04/README.md). + +### Constant Node + +A Constant node represents a constant value. At present, the only constants +that we allow are integer literals; therefore Constants contain an integer +value. As we add other types of constants, we will refactor how we represent +Constants. + +Constants have no semantic inputs. However, we set Start as an input to +Constants to enable a forward graph walk. This edge carries no semantic +meaning, and it is present _solely_ to allow visitation. + +The Constant's value is the value stored in it. + +### Return Node + +The Return node has two inputs. The first input is a control node and the +second is the data node that supplies the return value. + +In this presentation, Return ends the program, since multiple `return` statements are not possible. +The Stop node will be introduced in [Chapter 5](../chapter05/README.md) when we implement `if` statements. + +The Return's output is the value from the data node. + +### Representation + +Here is a visualization of the program: + +``` +return 1; +``` + + + +* Control nodes appear as rectangular boxes with pale yellow backgrounds +* Control edges are red and thicker than data edges +* The edges from Constants to Start are shown as dashed gray lines as these are not true control edges +* We label each edge with its position in the `_inputs` array, thus `0` means the edge is `_inputs[0]`. + + + +## Reading Material + +Our data structures are based upon the descriptions provided in the following papers: + +* [From Quads to Graphs: An Intermediate Representation's Journey](http://softlib.rice.edu/pub/CRPC-TRs/reports/CRPC-TR93366-S.pdf) +* [Combining Analyses, Combining Optimizations](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/201059.201061) +* [A Simple Graph-Based Intermediate Representation](https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/c2-ir95-150110.pdf) +* [Global Code Motion Global Value Numbering](https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse501/06wi/reading/click-pldi95.pdf) +* [EasySSA](https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0ww4sgl3ynep9hhe3i4xn/EasySSA.pdf?rlkey=2cp78hzxke62flkmyneiebzoz&dl=0) +* [SeaOfNodes](https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/cxykfvlzsmlcatyg6rlbt/SeaOfNodes.pdf?rlkey=z6o7y3rwr6atrejilcze6r8x0&e=1&dl=0) + +Following the lead from above, we represent our intermediate representation using an object oriented data model. Details of the +representation follow. + diff --git a/docs/intellij.md b/docs/intellij.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a488fca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/intellij.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# IntelliJ + +Open the repository folder as an existing IntelliJ project. Select JDK 21 in +**File > Project Structure > Project SDK** if needed. The native `.iml` setup +includes every numbered chapter and the shared Java code; no Maven import is +needed. Each chapter has separate main and test output under `build/idea` and +never depends on another chapter's compiler. Make's output stays separate. + +On a fresh checkout, run `make lib` to fetch JUnit, then close the project and run: + +```sh +python build-support/idea.py +``` + +Reopen the repository folder. The script refreshes the module list and test +configurations, and sets the JUnit template's working directory to +`$MODULE_WORKING_DIR$`. It preserves the selected SDK and existing personal run +configurations and breakpoints. Original settings are backed up in +`build/idea-backup`. Run it again after adding or renaming chapters, with the +project closed so IntelliJ cannot overwrite the new list with its old one. +After a chapter move, use **Build > Rebuild Project** once to remove old compiled +classes from reused chapter directories. + +Open a chapter's `src/test/java` file and use the gutter's **Debug** action on a +test method. Its configuration should use that chapter's module. You can also +select **chapter23 field write** to debug +`PrefixUpdateTest.testMethodFieldWrites`, or **chapterXX tests** to run that +chapter's suite. These shared configurations set the module, working directory, +assertions and build step explicitly. Suite discovery is limited to that module. + +Old personal run configurations may still name the former combined chapter25. +Recreate those from the intended chapter's test gutter, or change both their +module and working directory in **Run > Edit Configurations**. The same Java +class names occur in many chapters, so a class name alone cannot identify the +intended snapshot. + +Tests that compile native code still need the C toolchain on IntelliJ's PATH. +Tests using Chapter 28b's native runtime or saved `sys` library also need the +Make prerequisites: run `make -C chapter28b release CTAGS=` before debugging +those tests. IntelliJ's Java build does not build the native runtime or library. + +For the JUnit working directory and module classpath settings, see +[JetBrains' JUnit configuration reference](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/run-debug-configuration-junit.html). diff --git a/docs/regalloc-spills.md b/docs/regalloc-spills.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1dbac4d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/regalloc-spills.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +# Register allocation across chapters + +This is the dated **pre-split** comparison. Its Ch 24/25 columns describe the +retired combined snapshots, not today's Chapter 25 (incomplete types). Current +measurement tools target 24b/28b and publish a +[separate table](../skills/current-spill-matrix.md). The historical numbers +below remain unchanged. + +Read a row left to right to follow a fixed cohort through successive compilers. +Each cell gives **Ops / RA / X**: + +- **Ops:** executed ARM + RISC-V machine instructions, with fixed inputs. +- **RA:** executed instructions belonging to allocator-created copies, + spills/reloads and rematerializations; a subset of Ops. A replacement constant + materialization counts even when it adds no instruction relative to the + original program. This measures allocator-generated code, not a net overhead. +- **X:** x86-only `_spillScaled`, counting retained split moves (including + register copies) with weight `8^loopDepth`. It is a static estimate and does + not count rematerializations. + +**Cases D / X** counts dynamic program/target cases and x86 compilations. +Repeated historical compilation entries remain repeated. These are independent +coverage counts, not a sum; dynamic cases may use several inputs. Membership, +inputs and returned values are checked across compiler columns. Chapter 20 has +no encoder, so its dynamic cells are unavailable. There is no cross-cohort total. + +<!-- spill-matrix:start --> +| Test cohort | Cases D / X | Ch 20: Ops / RA / X | Ch 21: Ops / RA / X | Ch 22: Ops / RA / X | Ch 23: Ops / RA / X | Ch 24: Ops / RA / X | Ch 25: Ops / RA / X | +|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 / 13 | — / — / 161 | 55,173 / 5,407 / 174 | 58,751 / 9,099 / 175 | 58,736 / 9,084 / 184 | 58,720 / 9,068 / 183 | 58,965 / 9,076 / 208 | +| Ch 21 | 20 / 18 | | 6,207 / 261 / 461 | 6,324 / 379 / 475 | 6,326 / 381 / 475 | 6,325 / 380 / 470 | 6,196 / 219 / 534 | +| Ch 22 | 14 / 8 | | | 198 / 60 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 252 / 92 / 11 | +| Ch 23 | 14 / 8 | | | | 630 / 160 / 36 | 630 / 160 / 36 | 864 / 358 / 36 | +| Ch 24 | 36 / 20 | | | | | 4,923 / 1,341 / 790 | 4,646 / 1,335 / 609 | +| Ch 25 | 2 / 12 | | | | | | 20 / 0 / 1,856 | +<!-- spill-matrix:end --> + +Measured on Windows, 2026-10-07, using optimizer seed 123 for the historical +cohorts. The x86 Chapter 25 cohort retains its native-test seeds and the fresh +system-library compilation at seed 456. Dynamic counts include generated class +initializers and calls, but exclude the bodies of native `calloc`, `read` and +`write`. Their deterministic emulator stubs provide allocation and fixed I/O. +No clock timings, native-library instruction counts or code-size metric are mixed in. + +## Inputs and coverage + +| Cohort | Dynamic cases | Executions per compiler | x86 compilations | +|---|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 | 44 | 13 | +| Ch 21 | 20 | 20 | 18 | +| Ch 22 | 14 | 14 | 8 | +| Ch 23 | 14 | 26 | 8 | +| Ch 24 | 36 | 48 | 20 | +| Ch 25 | 2 | 2 | 12 | + +Newton, array-fill and Merge Sort use argument 16; allocation-index tests use +0, 1 and 2. Branch/short-circuit and nested-equality cases use 0-3, Fibonacci uses 9, and Sieve uses +100. Bubble Sort reads `[4, 3, 2, 1]`; BrainFuck runs its embedded Hello World +program. Other measured cases use argument 0. The Chapter 25 dynamic row is only +the two existing external-data emulator cases, with `counter` initialized to -7; +it does not represent execution of the whole system library or native suite. + +String/Person APIs, the returned mixed-argument function, exported Merge Sort +and BrainFuck, and mixed/stack-argument API tests still need explicit emulator +drivers. Deliberately infinite programs remain compilation-only. The original +allocation cohorts are preserved; these cases are not silently measured as zero. +The previously excluded equality, ARM Newton and ARM Bubble Sort cases now run +in every applicable compiler column. The measurement harness checks their +answers, including nested equality at arguments 0-3, finite Newton results and +Bubble Sort's complete output. The shared ISA tests and full Chapter 21-25 +Make suites pass after the backend/evaluator corrections. + +## Remaining initialization costs + +Chapter 25 now places declared constant final fields directly in static data, +including function addresses, and omits their initialization stores. The same +fixed inputs and test cases give: + +| Cohort | Ch 24 Ops | Ch 25 Ops | Change | +|---|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 58,720 | 58,965 | +0.4% | +| Ch 21 | 6,325 | 6,196 | -2.0% | +| Ch 22 | 194 | 252 | +29.9% | +| Ch 23 | 630 | 864 | +37.1% | +| Ch 24 | 4,923 | 4,646 | -5.6% | + +Chapter 25 retains top-level bindings in its class object; earlier chapters can +eliminate them as locals. Mutable fields and final fields whose declarations +do not identify their exact constant still need runtime initialization. This +fixed cost remains visible in small programs even after helper calls inline. + +For cohort 23, the RA subset is 160 in Chapter 24 and 358 in Chapter 25. It +includes allocator-created constant/address rematerialization as well as copies +and stack traffic; it must not be read as a count of spills alone. These tables +compare whole chapter compilers, including frontend and inlining changes. + +## Reproduce + +Run `make spill-stats` at the repository root to compile/run the static cohorts, +capture their historical sources, execute the dynamic cases and validate the +comparison. Capture uses temporary instrumented copies of the existing +SpillStats listeners under `build/dynamic-stats`; it does not edit chapter code. +The measured machine graph is stopped before allocation to identify subsequently +inserted copies/cloned constants. After encoding, their instruction ranges are +matched against the emulator's executed PCs, including multi-instruction expansions. + +After a successful run, publish the current compiler table (leaving these +historical tables unchanged) with: + +```sh +python build-support/spill-matrix.py --reuse --update-docs +``` + +Per-program inputs, results and dynamic counts are written to +`build/spill-stats/dynamic-counts.csv`; emulator logs and explicit skips live +under `build/dynamic-stats/{21,22,23,24b,28b}/dynamic.log`. The x86 records use +`build/spill-stats/spill-matrix-{20,21,22,23,24b,28b}.log`. The source adaptations for old Chapter +25 are documented in the [replay README](../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/spill/README.md). diff --git a/docs/roadmap.ja.md b/docs/roadmap.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..964ff81c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/roadmap.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# コンパイラのロードマップ + +[English](roadmap.md) | 日本語 + +未完了の作業と将来の言語設計案の要約です。現在の言語仕様や実装済みの機能を +示すものではありません。詳細と最新の判断は[英語版](roadmap.md)を参照してください。 + +## 正確性とコンパイル + +- 第25〜27章で、メソッドが狭いフィールドを更新した後に切り詰め前の値を返す問題を修正する。 +- 依存関係全体を調べ、変更を伝播してから保存 IR を再利用する、正しい増分ビルドを実装する。 +- ライブラリオブジェクト全体ではなく、必要なメンバーの IR を選択してロードする。 +- 最適化後の関数サイズと安定した順位を使い、インライン化の選択を決定的にする。 +- CFG の実行頻度推定、ループの回転、定数インスタンスフィールドの格納省略を検討する。 + +## 言語とランタイム + +- アンダースコアによる公開インターフェースの選別に加え、ソースの private アクセス規則を決めて強制する。 +- 未完成の self をヘルパーへ渡せる条件と、コンストラクタの完了検査を行う時点を検討する。 +- ELF シンボルの可視性と、未知の呼び出し元・コード出力の所有権を区別する。 +- クラス初期化子の整数引数を引数配列に置き換える。 +- 初期化全体を静的データで表せるクラスについて、実行時の初期化呼び出しと状態を省略する。 +- コンパクトなコード／データ領域、ネイティブポインタ型、GC に依存しない寿命管理を設計する。 + +## データとライブラリの設計案 + +- 名前付きフィールドの末尾に配列を配置する構造体と、異なる幅の長さフィールド。 +- 要素を生成する関数を使う配列初期化。 +- 可変・不変・C 互換・Unicode・短い値文字列の各用途に応じた文字列ライブラリ。 +- 構造体のインライン格納と値渡し。 +- `int` の既定幅を現在の `i64` から `i32` に変えるかどうか。 + +これらの言語変更には、それぞれ設計判断と導入する章の境界が必要です。 diff --git a/docs/roadmap.md b/docs/roadmap.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75ee8d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/roadmap.md @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +# Compiler roadmap + +English | [日本語](roadmap.ja.md) + +Open compiler work and language proposals, reviewed against the current +snapshots on 2026-10-25. These are future changes, not promises about the +language implemented by the tutorial. Language changes still need their own +design decisions and chapter boundaries. + +## Correctness + +### Narrow field results after method updates + +Chapters 25-27 can return an untruncated increment when a method updates a +narrow field and then reads it. With evaluator stores corrected, this example +returns 366 instead of 110. Chapter 25's generated RISC-V code also returns +366: the method's optimized Return uses the raw Add with range `[1-256]`, +although the Store writes a byte. Chapters 23, 24a/24b, and 28a/28b return 110 +with the corrected evaluator. + +```simple +struct C { u8 x=255; val next_noInline={ -> x++; return x; }; }; +var c=new C; +val a=c.next_noInline(); +val b=c.next_noInline(); +return a+10*b+100*c.x; +``` + +Find where the field read loses its narrowing during parsing or optimization, +and preserve the converted result independently of the Store. Check both +signed and unsigned fields and compare ideal evaluation with generated code. + +## Compilation and optimization + +### Reliable incremental builds + +Chapter 28b now checks the reachable source-backed inputs before reusing saved +IR, including transitive dependencies, bundled sources, and missing inputs. +The remaining work is a build driver with recorded input identities, beyond +those conservative timestamp checks. An unchanged public signature does not +establish compatibility: optimization imports bodies and constants too. + +Record the actual resolved input paths and versions, compiler/serialization +versions, target, ABI, and relevant options. Content hashes can cover preserved +timestamps and changed library search paths. Distinguish rebuildable source +from incompatible source-free libraries; their installation timestamps alone +cannot validate a set of objects compiled against one another. + +An unchanged build should do no compilation or linking. Publish outputs only +after successful compilation, and relink when an object or other link input +changes. Start with a small build driver and conservative rebuilding of every +dependent; finer interface/body fingerprints can follow. The +[incremental-build design](../skills/incremental-builds.md) records the input +ownership rules and validation cases. + +### Selective loading of library IR + +Importing `sys.io.p` currently loads all ten units bundled in `sys.o`. +Independent, unrelated objects can remain unloaded, but selecting an object +reconstructs all its saved IR and follows its recorded dependencies. + +Design member-level IR loading and dependency discovery together. Splitting +objects alone is insufficient while reexports and unused function bodies +still pull in their dependencies. Preserve type identity, initialization rules, +and imported escape summaries. Loading, initializing, and emitting a class +are separate decisions. This optimization is independent of making +incremental rebuilding correct. + +### Deterministic inlining + +The current inliner has a bounded exception for small initializer boilerplate, +but still uses parse-size estimates and worklist order. After shrinking +rewrites converge, choose one growing inline using current body sizes and a +deterministic ranking. Cache sizes per convergence round and use stable +call-site provenance to break ties, rather than newly allocated node IDs. +Avoid repeated whole-body scans and per-node dependencies while a large +function gradually shrinks. + +### CFG frequency estimates + +After lowering and loop-tree construction, estimate block frequencies for GCM +and code layout. Treat initialization and known-failure paths as rare; use +bounded loop-trip estimates and branch probabilities when no profile is +available. Keep estimates consistent with control flow and shared between +scheduling and layout. These are backend estimates, not ideal-IR types. + +### Loop rotation + +Consider lowering `for` loops with a zero-trip entry test and a bottom-tested +loop, or adding partial peeling. Preserve condition side effects, loop-local +scope, and the destinations of `break` and `continue`. The current parser +constructs a loop with its test at the head. + +### Constant instance-field storage + +When a final instance field has the same constant value in every instance, +fold accesses or store the value on the class object and omit the instance +slot. Preserve field-access semantics and public function reachability: +externally accessible function fields remain callable regardless of storage. +Existing static images for class constants do not implement this general +instance-layout optimization. + +## Language boundaries + +### Source privacy + +Underscores already select the public interface, but source access to another +class's private fields is not rejected. The proposal is to enforce privacy +starting in Chapter 28a, then preserve it across imports in 28b. This language +change still needs review; it is not a correction to impose on earlier chapters. + +- A field or method beginning with `_` is accessible only from its declaring + class, including constructors and methods. Enclosing, nested, and sibling + classes gain no special access. Same-class code may access another instance. +- A private class name is available in its declaring scope and inside the + class itself. Naming `App._Cache` must not grant access to `_Cache._data`. + Dotted lookup cannot bypass access rules, and private ancestors keep their + descendants out of the public interface. Distinguish naming a private class + from using a public value returned by a factory. +- Reads, writes, updates, method references, type names, and class-value + references must follow the same rule. Preserve source owner and location + through unresolved receiver types, inlining, and imports. Folding away a + Load or an unused result must not erase an illegal source access. +- Native declarations follow the same rules. Public wrappers may deliberately + expose private bindings; `sys` has no special exemption. + +The bundled `sys/io.smp` calls `libc._exit` directly. Keep that native binding +private, add a public `exit` wrapper in `sys/libc.smp`, and change IO to call +the wrapper. Bitset and array helpers access their own private fields and +remain legal. String spill fixtures with helpers outside `_String` accessing +`_hashCode` need explicit adaptation; do not grant file-wide access merely to +keep those fixtures unchanged. Validate native execution and imported source +ownership alongside the access diagnostics. + +### Constructor helpers and completion + +Local SSA field updates, including final fields, repeated assignments, and +loops, are implemented. The remaining question is broader: should constructors +be allowed to pass unfinished `self` to helpers that become safe after +inlining, and should completion checks wait until SCCP? + +Decide those rules before changing the current parser-time completion checks +and early-publication restrictions. Separate reading an initialized field of +an unfinished object from exposing that object to arbitrary code. The +construction/escape teaching boundary can then be reviewed against the chosen +semantics. + +### ELF visibility and unknown callers + +Escape analysis tracks functions reachable by unknown callers, while the ELF +writer exports retained named functions owned by the compilation unit. Decide +which symbols should be public, local, or hidden across separate compilations. +Keep source privacy, ownership for emission, and unknown-caller edges distinct; +keeping a body for linking must not imply arbitrary callers can reach it. + +## Initialization and runtime + +### Entry arguments + +Replace the integer class-initializer argument with an argument array. The +selected entry class receives a non-null array, empty when there are no +arguments; other class initializers receive null. Coordinate the parser, +entry signature, runtime driver, and separately compiled interfaces. + +The native runtime already adapts process arguments for an explicit +`simple_main` function. That does not implement argument arrays for class +initializers. + +### Pre-initialize classes from ELF data + +Prove when a class's entire initialization can be represented by static data +and relocations, without remaining runtime effects. Emit those contents and +start its `$init` flag as true. Carry that fact through separate compilation +so importing compilers can remove checks too. + +Constant final fields already have static images; that alone does not prove +the whole class can be pre-initialized. I/O and argument-dependent work still +require execution. Preserve dynamic parent requirements, and do not let cyclic +dependencies justify their own pre-initialization. Static reference cycles +can use relocations without requiring a dynamic initialization cycle. + +Mutable fields may have static initial contents without becoming constants. +For a wholly immutable, pre-initialized class, eliminate the mutable `$init` +state as well as the checks so the class image can reside in ROM. Native +function thunks already preserve static initialization of function fields. + +### Compact code and data arenas + +Use four-byte Simple references into bounded code and data arenas. The arenas +need not overlap or live near zero; choose absolute addresses or offsets from +an arena base when implementing placement and indirect calls. Native function +thunks can occupy the code arena while native libraries live elsewhere. +Currently function pointers occupy four bytes and use low-address thunks; +ordinary data pointers still occupy eight bytes. + +Give full-width native pointers separate types and foreign lifetime contracts. +Opaque device addresses may need to pass through without CPU dereference. +Automatic Simple object lifetimes without a GC still need a design for +ownership, borrowing, cycles, and native retention. Compact storage alone +does not establish those rules. Preserve static class images and explicit +native boundary conversions when choosing the representation. + +## Data and library proposals + +These are language-design alternatives. The sketches below are not executable +examples of the current Simple grammar. + +### Structs with trailing arrays + +Allow named fields followed by an array length and inline element storage: + +```simple +struct vecInt { + u32 size; // Used elements + u32 #; // Capacity + int []; // Trailing elements in the same allocation +}; +``` + +The final field would be named `[]`, with an unsigned length field `#` +immediately before it. Element types could include references to the same +struct. Current arrays have a fixed `u32` length and a special two-field +layout; supporting arbitrary leading fields requires parser and layout work. + +Consider `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, or `u64` length fields to reduce small-array +overhead. Arrays with different length representations would be distinct +types, with explicit conversions and capacity checks. The spelling and +alignment rules remain to be decided. + +Growing such an object requires a replacement allocation. An extra level of +indirection, as in a growable-buffer wrapper, instead preserves the wrapper's +identity. Specify ownership before treating a growing call as consuming or +freeing its receiver. + +### Array initialization + +Allow an element-producing function at allocation, for example +`new u8[buffer#, { u32 idx -> buffer[idx] }]`. This would support final arrays +and fully initialized non-null reference arrays. Define when each element is +evaluated and when the array can be published. Existing zero-filled array +allocation does not provide this constructor operation. + +### String libraries + +Design a family of byte-based strings with UTF-8 decoding supplied by library +functions. Consider these distinct representations and interfaces: + +- A growable string with inline bytes and cached metadata, returning a + potentially new receiver when capacity increases. +- An immutable string constructed all at once, with defensive copying where + necessary. Read-only access alone does not establish exclusive ownership. +- A StringBuilder-style wrapper holding a replaceable pointer to its buffer. +- Unicode decoding and iteration over the byte representation, including + behavior at invalid character boundaries. +- A C-compatible string with a trailing zero and directly available length. +- A short string packed with its length into a machine word, passed by value. + +Keep mutable storage private by default and specify sharing, concatenation, +capacity growth, and native I/O contracts. Existing `sys` byte-array and +buffer helpers are a starting point, not this complete string design. + +### Struct values + +Allow a struct to be stored inline in another object, array, or argument list +rather than always through a reference. A proposed `*Complex` or `inline` +spelling would place both coordinates of `struct Complex { f64 x,y; };` +directly in the containing value. + +Define whole-value copying, reference-to-value conversion, and assignment +through an existing reference. A value must not silently become a reference +or expose an interior address with an invalid lifetime. Decide how consuming +an enclosing object's lifetime could permit such an address. Keep method +syntax uniform and define the calling convention for by-value arguments. + +### Default integer width + +Consider making `int` mean `i32` instead of the current `i64`. This changes +overflow behavior, layouts, APIs, and native interfaces, so it needs a language +decision and a deliberate compatibility boundary. + +### Parser Cleanup + +Get the Parsers' structure closer to an ideal R-D parser, and matching the +grammer doc. Move TYPES to CodeGen, and generally restructure for readability. +Ponder using try-w-resources to do the keep/unkeep pairing (do NOT do any +allocation in the `try`, just bring up an object w/auto-closable which tracks +the unkeeps) - see if that looks any cleaner. diff --git a/docs/type-float.svg b/docs/type-float.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d83b0bc --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/type-float.svg @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="44" height="20" viewBox="0 0 44 20" role="img" aria-labelledby="title"> + <title id="title">Float</title> + <rect width="44" height="20" rx="2" fill="#00ffff"/> + <text x="22" y="14" text-anchor="middle" font-family="Arial, sans-serif" font-size="13" fill="#000000">Float</text> +</svg> |
