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| author | Cliff Click <cliffc@acm.org> | 2024-04-23 17:23:16 +0100 |
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| committer | Cliff Click <cliffc@acm.org> | 2025-04-24 14:38:36 -0700 |
| commit | c15c5a3ef753b65f2d8a5bc253bfc8c4a1787f83 (patch) | |
| tree | e8744b1e9b83338f9409b4a1815da953d28e4237 /docs | |
| parent | 489e86d923d7bc80cec353e08169b5bbeb9e0c00 (diff) | |
| download | Simple-c15c5a3ef753b65f2d8a5bc253bfc8c4a1787f83.tar.gz Simple-c15c5a3ef753b65f2d8a5bc253bfc8c4a1787f83.zip | |
Chapter 10: Structs and Memory
Co-authored-by: Thalia Archibald <thalia@archibald.dev>
Co-authored-by: Dibyendu Majumdar <mobile@majumdar.org.uk>
Co-authored-by: XmiliaH <45106915+XmiliaH@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: tannal <tannal2409@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: hadha <helsgithub15@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: XmiliaH <xmilia.hermit@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Tamás Hadházy <85063808+Hels15@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: RobertObkircher <robert.obkircher@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Robert Obkircher <robert.obkircher@gmail.com>
Diffstat (limited to 'docs')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/chapter10/10-grammar.md | 129 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/chapter10/Makefile | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/chapter10/README.md | 359 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/chapter10/example1.gv | 78 | ||||
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diff --git a/docs/chapter10/10-grammar.md b/docs/chapter10/10-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..10c80426 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/10-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 10 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +program + : statement+ EOF + ; + +statement + : returnStatement + | structDeclaration + | declStatement + | blockStatment + | expressionStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatment + | metaStatement + ; + +field + : 'int' IDENTIFIER ';' + ; + +fields + : field+ + ; + +structDeclaration + : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' fields '}' + ; + +whileStatement + : 'while' '(' expression ')' statement + ; + +breakStatement + : 'break' ';' + ; + +continueStatement + : 'continue' ';' + ; + +ifStatement + : 'if' '(' expression ')' statement ('else' statement)? + ; + +metaStatement + : '#showGraph' ';' + ; + +expressionStatement + : IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';' + | fieldExpression '=' expression ';' + ; + +blockStatement + : '{' statement+ '}' + ; + +structName + : IDENTIFIER + ; + +declStatement + : 'int' IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';' + | structName ('?')? IDENTIFIER '=' expression ';' + ; + +returnStatement + : 'return' expression ';' + ; + +expression + : comparisonExpression + ; + +comparisonExpression + : additiveExpression (('==' | '!='| '>'| '<'| '>='| '<=') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-') unaryExpression + | '!' unaryExpression + | primaryExpression + ; + +newExpression + : 'new' IDENTIFIER + ; + +fieldExpression + : primaryExpresson '.' IDENTIFIER + ; + +primaryExpression + : IDENTIFIER + | INTEGER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | newExpression + | '(' expression ')' + | fieldExpression + ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL + : [1-9][0-9]* + | [0] + ; + +IDENTIFIER + : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* + ; + +NON_DIGIT: [a-zA-Z_]; +DEC_DIGIT: [0-9]; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter10/Makefile b/docs/chapter10/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter10/README.md b/docs/chapter10/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32aec260 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ +# Chapter 10: Structs and Memory + + +# Table of Contents + +1. [Memory](#memory) +2. [Alias Classes](#alias-classes) +3. [Implementation of Alias Classes](#implementation-of-alias-classes) +4. [Extensions to Intermediate Representation ](#extensions-to-intermediate-representation) +5. [Enhanced Type Lattice](#enhanced-type-lattice) +6. [Parser Enhancements](#parser-enhancements) +7. [Null Pointer Analysis](#null-pointer-analysis) +8. [Memory Operations Example](#memory-operations-example) +9. [Additional Peephole Optimizations](#additional-peephole-optimizations) + +You can also read [this chapter](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear-chapter10) in a linear Git revision history on the [linear](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear) branch and [compare](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/compare/linear-chapter09...linear-chapter10) it to the previous chapter. + +In this chapter: + +* We add user defined struct types in the Simple language. +* We introduce the concept of Memory, Memory Pointers and Aliasing. +* We add new nodes to represent operations on memory - such as creating new instance of a struct, storing and loading struct fields. + +Here is the [complete language grammar](10-grammar.md) for this chapter. + + +## Memory + +In previous chapters, we dealt with scalar values that fit into a single +machine register. We now introduce aggregate values of `struct` type; these +have reference semantics and thus do not behave like register values, even if +the struct would fit into a register. To support values of such a type, we +need the concept of `Memory`. + +The core ideas regarding `Memory` are: + +* The program starts and stops with a single `Memory` value that encapsulates + the whole of available memory; `Start` produces memory and `Return` consumes + memory. + +* Each `struct` and field carves up this memory into "alias classes", a unique + class for each combination of struct and field. + +* Memory in different alias classes *never* aliases; memory in the same alias + class *always* aliases. This is sometimes called "equivalence class" + aliasing. + +* Equivalence class aliasing can be directly represented in the Sea of Nodes, + as such we will not use any other side-structure for aliasing. This also + means with normal peepholes we can do alias-based optimizations such as + load/store bypassing or load forwarding without needing to consult any side + structure, or make alias tracking modifications when we alter the graph. + + +### Alias Classes + +Aliasing describes a situation in which a data location in memory can be +accessed through multiple symbolic names (variables) in the program. Modifying +the data through one name implicitly modifies the values associated with all +the aliased names. + +Data accesses to the same alias class (struct+field) are serialized as defined +by the source program; data in other classes is allowed to be accessed in +parallel. + +Simple, like Java, is a strongly typed language. Therefore, two variables that +have incompatible types cannot possibly be names to the same location in +memory. We can use type information to determine which symbols alias, +i.e., potentially reference the same location in memory. We +divide/slice all memory into disjoint alias classes. + +We implement the "alias class" as a unique integer ID assigned to each field in +a struct, where distinct struct types have their own set of ids. Thus, every +field in every struct type is a new alias class. In later chapters as we +implement arrays and subtyping, our strategy for assigning alias classes will +be enhanced. + +For background information and overview of type based alias analysis, please +refer to the paper `Type Based Alias Analysis`.[^1] Our approach is a form of +TBAA similar to the "FieldTypeDecl" algorithm described in the paper. We do +not track aliasing by instance of a Struct type. + + +### Implementation of Alias Classes + +For example, suppose we have declared two struct types like so: + +``` +struct Vec2D { int x; int y; } +struct Vec3D { int x; int y; int z; } +``` + +Then we can imagine assigning following alias class IDs + +| Struct type | Field | Alias | +| ----------- | ----- | ----- | +| Vec2D | x | 1 | +| Vec2D | y | 2 | +| Vec3D | x | 3 | +| Vec3D | y | 4 | +| Vec3D | z | 5 | + +So at this point we have sliced memory into 5 distinct alias classes. +Note that the `x` and `y` in `Vec2D` do not alias `x` and `y` in `Vec3D`. + +In this chapter we do not have inheritance or sub-typing. But if we had subtyping and `Vec3D` +was a subtype of `Vec2D` then `x` and `y` would alias and would be given the same alias class. + +## Extensions to Intermediate Representation + +We add following new Node types to support memory operations: + +| Node Name | Type | Description | Inputs | Value | +|-----------|------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| +| New | Mem | Create ptr to new object | Control, Struct type | Ptr value | +| Store | Mem | Stores a value in a struct field | Memory slice (aliased by struct+field), Ptr, Field, Value | Memory slice (aliased by struct+field) | +| Load | Mem | Loads a value from a field | Memory slice (aliased by struct+field), Ptr, Field | Value loaded | +| Cast | Data | Upcasts a value | Control, Data, type | Upcast value | + + +* New takes the current control as an input so that it is pinned correctly in + the control flow. Conceptually the control input is also a proxy for all + memory that originates from the Start node. + +* Above, "Ptr" refers to the base address of the allocated object. Ptrs can represent different values in loops. +* A "Memory Slice" represents a slice of memory where all stores and loads alias. Different slices do not alias. + +Additionally, the following Node types will be enhanced: + +| Node Name | Type | Changes | +|-----------|---------|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Start | Control | Start will produce the initial Memory projections, one per slice | +| Return | Control | Will merge all memory slices | + + +## Enhanced Type Lattice + +The Type Lattice for Simple has a major revision in this chapter. + + + +Within the Type Lattice, we now have the following type domains: + +* <font style="background-color:yellow">Control type</font> - represents control flow +* <font style="background-color:lightblue">Integer type</font> - Integer values, with a Top, Bottom and constants +* <font style="background-color:green" color="white">Pointer type</font> (new) - Represents a pointer to a struct type + * We use the prefix `*` to mean pointer-to. Thus `*S1` means pointer to + `S1`, `*$TOP` means pointer to `$TOP`. + * `?` suffix represents the union of a pointer to some type and `null`. + * The pointer lattice has only 2 entries: null or not-null. In both cases a struct lattice element is + included, and can be any member of the struct lattice. + * `null` is a pointer to non-existent memory object, i.e. `*$TOP?`, and is a + nullable. Notice that the null part of the type is low in the lattice, + while the struct part is the highest struct. + * `*void` is a synonym for `*$BOT` - i.e. it represents a non-null pointer to + all possible struct types, akin to `void *` in C except not null. It is + the inverse or *dual* of `null`, and the null part is high in the pointer + lattice, while the struct part is the lowest struct. + * `null` pointer evaluates to False and non-null pointers evaluate to True, as in C. + +* <font style="background-color:lightgreen">Struct type</font> (new) - + Represents user defined struct types, a struct type is allowed to have + members of Integer type only in this chapter, later chapters will expand + this. + * `⊤:struct` represents local Top for struct type; all we know about the type + is that it is a struct but, we do not know if it is a specific struct, or + all possible structs. In the code, we use a struct with no fields named `$TOP`. + * `⊥:struct` represents local Bottom for struct type; we definitely know the + value can take all possible struct types. In the code, we uise a struct + with no fields named `$BOT`. +* <font style="background-color:blue" color="white">Memory type</font> (new) - Represents memory and memory slices + * `⊤:mem` - Nothing known about a slice; in the code we use `MEM#TOP`. + * `#n` - refers to a memory slice, and `n` is the alias class. + * `⊥:mem` - all of memory; in the code we use `MEM#BOT`. +* <font style="background-color:pink">Tuple type</font> - when a Node results in a collection of values + +We make use of following operations on the lattice. + +* The `meet` operation takes two types and computes the greatest lower bound + type. While not true for all lattices, in the our lattice this can be + thought of as set union (ORing) of its input types (as sets). + * Example, meet of `*S1` and `*S2` results in `*void` - there is no lattice + element for exactly both `{*S1,*S2}`, so we drop down to the nearest + element containing both (and maybe more), which is `*void`. + * Meet of `*S1` and pointer `null` results in `*S1?` + * Meet of `*void` and `null` results in `*$BOT?`; bear in mind that `*void` is a synonym for `*$BOT`. + * Meet of `1` and `2` results in `Int Bot`. + * Meet of `#1` and `#2` results in `MEM#BOT`. +* The `dual` operation is symmetric across the lattice centerline. Types directly on the centerline are their own dual. + * Find the corresponding node of the lattice after inverting the lattice. + * Thus, dual of `Top` is `Bot`. + * The dual of `*$TOP` is `*$BOT?`. + * For structs, the dual is obtained by computing the dual of each struct + member. Thus, dual of `*S1` is not `*S1?`, it is some `*S1?` with dualed + fields. + +* The `join` operation takes two types and computes the least upper bound type. + Similar to `meet` this can thought of as set intersection (ANDing) of its input types. + Because our lattice structure is symmetric and complete, we compute `join` with a well known identity: + `JOIN(x,y) === MEET(x.dual,y.dual).dual` + * Example, join of `*S1` and `*S2` results in `*$TOP`. + * Join of `1` and `2` results in `Int Top`. + * Join of `*void` and `Null` results in `*$TOP`. + +As we construct the Sea of Nodes graph, we ensure that values stay inside the +domain they are created in - that is ptr fields will never contain ints +(obviously)... nor even the generic `TOP` and `BOT`. There are a couple of +nuances worth highlighting. + +* When Phis are created, the initial type of the Phi is based on the declared + type of its first input. This is a pessimistic type assignment because we do + not yet know what other types will be met. + +* When all the inputs of the Phi are known, we start with the local Top of the + declared type, and then compute a meet of all the input types. This + computation results in a more refined type for the Phi. + +## Parser Enhancements + +In previous chapters the only available type was Integer. Now, variables can +be of Integer type or pointer to Struct types. To support this, the Parser now +tracks the declared type of a variable (used to only be Integer!). The +declared type of a variable defines the set of values that can be legitimately +assigned to the variable. The Sea of Nodes graph also tracks the actual type +of values assigned to variables, these type transitions are defined by the Type +lattice described in the previous section. + +## Null Pointer Analysis + +The Simple language syntax allows a pointer variable to be specified as +null-able - and it prevents ever throwing a Null Pointer Exception. The +compiler decides if a null check is needed, and if needed and missing +the compiler rejects the program (asking the user to insert a null check). + +When the Parser encounters conditions that test the truthiness of a pointer variable, it uses this knowledge to refine the type information in the branches that follow. + +Here are two motivating examples: + +```java +struct Bar { int a; } +Bar? bar = new Bar; +if (arg) bar = null; +if( bar ) bar.a = 1; +``` + +If `bar` is not `null` above, then we would like to allow the assignment to +`bar.a`. If the final line lacked the null check, e.g. a plain `bar.a = 1;`, +then `Java` would compile this program but throw a NPE, and Simple rejects the +program pointing out a null check is required. + + +```java +struct Bar { int a; } +Bar? bar = new Bar; +if (arg) bar = null; +int rez = 3; +if( !bar ) rez=4; +else bar.a = 1; +``` + +If `bar` is `null` then we would like `!bar` to evaluate to `true`. In the else +branch we know `bar` is not null, hence the assignment to `bar.a` should be +allowed. + +To enable this behaviour, we make following enhancements. + +* We track the null-ness of a pointer in the Type system, and hence in every + Node that ptr type flows through. + +* We "wrap" the predicate of an `If` node with an up-cast when we see that the + predicate is a ptr value. The up-cast removes the null possibility on the + true branch making it legal to use the pointer. + +* The up-cast is done using a `Cast` op with the type `*void`. This does a + lattice JOIN of the original type and `*void`. This JOIN operation preserves + everything we already know about ptr, and also adds the new knowledge that + the ptr is not-null. + +* The up-cast is represented by the `CastNode` op, and if applicable, we + replace all occurrences of the original predicate with the up-cast in the + current scope. The change is local to each branch of the `If`; occuring + separately for the true and the false branches of the `If` (and the false + branch inverts the predicate). + +* The up-cast peepholes normally; if its input's type is a super type of the + up-cast, then the `CastNode` can be removed. See `ScopeNode.upcast()` method, + and `CastNode`. + +* When computing a type for Not, we produce an Integer type when its input is a + ptr. When the input is a `null` we convert to `1` and when is a not `null` + ptr value, we convert to `0`. See `NotNode.compute()`. + +## Memory Operations Example + +This is a simple example illustrating how loads and stores are ordered based on aliasing. + +```java +struct Vec2D { int x; int y; } + +Vec2D v = new Vec2D; +v.x = 1; +if (arg) + v.y = 2; +else + v.y = 3; +return v; +``` + +The graph from above will have the shape: + + + +The graph visual has the following enhancements: + +* The memory edges are shown in green and blue. +* The green edges occur on New nodes and anchor the ptr to a control flow node. +* The blue edges show the threading of a memory op via the equivalence aliasing. + +## Additional Peephole Optimizations + +The equivalence aliasing makes it possible to optimize following scenarios: + +* Store followed by another Store to the same field inside an object; the first Store is redundant if there are no other references to the first Store +* Load followed by a Store to a field inside an Object; the Load can be eliminated and the input value of the Store passed through. + +Both of these examples are illustrated in the example below: + +```java +struct Bar { + int a; + int b; +} +struct Foo { + int x; +} +Foo? foo = null; +Bar bar = new Bar; +bar.a = 1; +bar.a = 2; +return bar.a; +``` + +Before the peephole optimizations, we get: + + + +After enabling Store-Store peephole we get: + + + +After load-after-store elision: + + + +Note that at this stage the `bar` object is dead therefore the allocation of bar can be dropped. + + +[^1]: Diwan A., McKinley K.S., Moss J.E.B. (1998). + Type Based Alias Analysis. diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example1.gv b/docs/chapter10/example1.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cbb12cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example1.gv @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +digraph chapter10 { +/* +struct Vector2D { int x; int y; } +Vector2D v = new Vector2D; +v.x = 1; +if (arg) + v.y = 2; +else + v.y = 3; +return v; + +*/ + rankdir=BT; + concentrate="true"; + compound="true"; + subgraph cluster_Nodes { + Start2 [ shape=plaintext label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="yellow">Start</TD></TR> + <TR><TD> + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD PORT="p0" BGCOLOR="yellow">$ctrl</TD><TD PORT="p1">arg</TD><TD PORT="p2">$2</TD><TD PORT="p3">$3</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + </TD></TR> + </TABLE>> + ]; + Stop3 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Stop" ]; + new8 [ label="new Vector2D" ]; + Con_9 [ label="#0" ]; + Store11 [ label=".y =" ]; + Con_12 [ label="#1" ]; + Store13 [ label=".x =" ]; + If14 [ shape=plaintext label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="yellow">If</TD></TR> + <TR><TD> + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD PORT="p0" BGCOLOR="yellow">True</TD><TD PORT="p1" BGCOLOR="yellow">False</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + </TD></TR> + </TABLE>> + ]; + Con_18 [ label="#2" ]; + Store19 [ label=".y =" ]; + Con_22 [ label="#3" ]; + Store23 [ label=".y =" ]; + Region24 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Region" ]; + Phi_326 [ style=filled fillcolor=lightyellow label="φ_$3" ]; + Return27 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Return" ]; + { rank=same; Region24;Phi_326;} + } + edge [ fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=8 ]; + Stop3 -> Return27[taillabel=0 color=red]; + new8 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=green]; + Store11 -> Start2:p3[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store11 -> new8[taillabel=2]; + Store11 -> Con_9[taillabel=3]; + Store13 -> Start2:p2[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store13 -> new8[taillabel=2]; + Store13 -> Con_12[taillabel=3]; + If14 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=red]; + If14 -> Start2:p1[taillabel=1]; + Store19 -> Store11[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store19 -> new8[taillabel=2]; + Store19 -> Con_18[taillabel=3]; + Store23 -> Store11[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store23 -> new8[taillabel=2]; + Store23 -> Con_22[taillabel=3]; + Region24 -> If14:p0[taillabel=1 color=red]; + Region24 -> If14:p1[taillabel=2 color=red]; + Phi_326 -> Region24 [style=dotted taillabel=0]; + Phi_326 -> Store19[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Phi_326 -> Store23[taillabel=2 color=blue constraint=false]; + Return27 -> Region24[taillabel=0 color=red]; + Return27 -> new8[taillabel=1]; + Return27 -> Store13[taillabel=2 color=blue]; + Return27 -> Phi_326[taillabel=3 color=blue]; +} diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example1.svg b/docs/chapter10/example1.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6f493e7e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example1.svg @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +<?xml 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text-anchor="start" x="72" y="-519.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Start</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="25,-480 25,-511 156,-511 156,-480 25,-480"/> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="30,-485 30,-506 70,-506 70,-485 30,-485"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="30,-485 30,-506 70,-506 70,-485 30,-485"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33" y="-491.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$ctrl</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="70,-485 70,-506 101,-506 101,-485 70,-485"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="73" y="-491.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">arg</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="101,-485 101,-506 126,-506 126,-485 101,-485"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="104" y="-491.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$2</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="126,-485 126,-506 151,-506 151,-485 126,-485"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="129" y="-491.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$3</text> +</g> +<!-- Stop3 --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>Stop3</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="201,-52 147,-52 147,-16 201,-16 201,-52"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-30.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Stop</text> +</g> +<!-- Return27 --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>Return27</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="207,-124 141,-124 141,-88 207,-88 207,-124"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-102.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Return</text> +</g> +<!-- Stop3->Return27 --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>Stop3->Return27</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M174,-52.3C174,-60.02 174,-69.29 174,-77.89"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="170.5,-77.9 174,-87.9 177.5,-77.9 170.5,-77.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="171" y="-54.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- new8 --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>new8</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="203" cy="-422" rx="75.29" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="203" y="-418.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">new Vector2D</text> +</g> +<!-- new8->Start2 --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>new8->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="green" d="M147.76,-434.26C110.79,-443.18 66.61,-456.99 53.71,-474.14"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="green" points="50.24,-473.41 50,-484 56.79,-475.87 50.24,-473.41"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="144.76" y="-436.86" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_9 --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>Con_9</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="63" cy="-422" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="63" y="-418.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#0</text> +</g> +<!-- Store11 --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>Store11</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="170" cy="-350" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="170" y="-346.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.y =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store11->Start2 --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>Store11->Start2:p3</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M151.42,-364.19C139.69,-373.74 125.54,-387.77 119,-404 113.02,-418.84 115.61,-424.36 119,-440 122.69,-457.06 133.59,-461.26 137.54,-473.76"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="134.13,-474.59 139,-484 141.06,-473.61 134.13,-474.59"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="148.42" y="-366.79" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store11->new8 --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>Store11->new8</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M177.82,-367.59C181.67,-375.75 186.4,-385.78 190.71,-394.93"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="187.58,-396.49 195.01,-404.04 193.91,-393.51 187.58,-396.49"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.82" y="-370.19" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store11->Con_9 --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>Store11->Con_9</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M150.37,-363.84C133.5,-374.88 108.99,-390.92 90.22,-403.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="88.24,-400.31 81.78,-408.71 92.07,-406.17 88.24,-400.31"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="153.37" y="-366.44" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_12 --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>Con_12</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="323" cy="-422" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="323" y="-418.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13 --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>Store13</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="340" cy="-350" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="340" y="-346.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.x =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->Start2 --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->Start2:p2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M350.63,-367.07C362.03,-386.53 376.33,-419.28 359,-440 290.38,-522.04 125.44,-383.17 114.57,-473.83"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="111.06,-473.82 114,-484 118.05,-474.21 111.06,-473.82"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="347.63" y="-369.67" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->new8 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->new8</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M317.99,-362.25C297.67,-372.63 267.01,-388.3 242.46,-400.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="240.69,-397.81 233.38,-405.48 243.88,-404.04 240.69,-397.81"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="314.99" y="-364.85" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->Con_12 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->Con_12</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M335.88,-367.95C333.99,-375.74 331.7,-385.18 329.58,-393.92"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="326.15,-393.18 327.2,-403.72 332.96,-394.83 326.15,-393.18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="332.88" y="-370.55" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- If14 --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>If14</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="24,-267 24,-292 118,-292 118,-267 24,-267"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="24,-267 24,-292 118,-292 118,-267 24,-267"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="65.5" y="-275.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">If</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="24,-236 24,-267 118,-267 118,-236 24,-236"/> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="29,-241 29,-262 69,-262 69,-241 29,-241"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="29,-241 29,-262 69,-262 69,-241 29,-241"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="32" y="-247.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">True</text> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="69,-241 69,-262 113,-262 113,-241 69,-241"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="69,-241 69,-262 113,-262 113,-241 69,-241"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="72" y="-247.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">False</text> +</g> +<!-- If14->Start2 --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>If14->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M58.13,-296.08C47.38,-323.83 32.89,-365.85 27,-404 24.56,-419.81 23.18,-424.46 27,-440 31.32,-457.58 44.03,-461.08 48.46,-473.95"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="45.02,-474.65 50,-484 51.94,-473.58 45.02,-474.65"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="55.13" y="-298.68" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_18 --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>Con_18</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="95" cy="-350" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="95" y="-346.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store19 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>Store19</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="174" cy="-264" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-260.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.y =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store19->new8 --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>Store19->new8</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M188.91,-279.62C203.35,-295.52 222.56,-322.27 219,-349"/> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M219,-351C217.08,-365.43 213.58,-381.26 210.34,-394.21"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="206.95,-393.34 207.84,-403.9 213.73,-395.09 206.95,-393.34"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="185.91" y="-282.22" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store19->Store11 --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>Store19->Store11</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M173.19,-282C172.65,-293.31 171.93,-308.42 171.31,-321.43"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="167.8,-321.58 170.82,-331.74 174.79,-321.92 167.8,-321.58"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="170.19" y="-284.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store19->Con_18 --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>Store19->Con_18</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M159.88,-280.02C147.56,-293.12 129.52,-312.29 115.59,-327.1"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.04,-324.71 108.74,-334.39 118.14,-329.51 113.04,-324.71"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="156.88" y="-282.62" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_22 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>Con_22</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="265" cy="-350" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="265" y="-346.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#3</text> +</g> +<!-- Store23 --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>Store23</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="272" cy="-264" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="272" y="-260.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.y =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store23->new8 --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>Store23->new8</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M257.04,-279.75C242.69,-295.35 222.67,-321.48 219,-349"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="254.04" y="-282.35" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store23->Store11 --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>Store23->Store11</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M254.7,-279.25C238.26,-292.79 213.37,-313.28 194.82,-328.56"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="192.54,-325.9 187.05,-334.96 196.99,-331.31 192.54,-325.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="251.7" y="-272.85" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store23->Con_22 --> +<g id="edge16" class="edge"> +<title>Store23->Con_22</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M270.58,-282C269.64,-293.31 268.38,-308.42 267.3,-321.43"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="263.78,-321.48 266.44,-331.74 270.76,-322.06 263.78,-321.48"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="267.58" y="-284.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Region24 --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>Region24</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="123,-196 57,-196 57,-160 123,-160 123,-196"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="90" y="-174.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Region</text> +</g> +<!-- Region24->If14 --> +<g id="edge17" class="edge"> +<title>Region24->If14:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M70.46,-196.22C62.05,-205.18 53.41,-216.97 50.26,-229.91"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="46.76,-229.64 49,-240 53.71,-230.51 46.76,-229.64"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="67.46" y="-198.82" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Region24->If14 --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>Region24->If14:p1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M90.43,-196.09C90.64,-205.55 90.87,-217.77 90.96,-229.69"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="87.46,-230.01 91,-240 94.46,-229.99 87.46,-230.01"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="87.43" y="-198.69" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Phi_326 --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>Phi_326</title> +<ellipse fill="lightyellow" stroke="black" cx="174" cy="-178" rx="33.29" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-174.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">φ_$3</text> +</g> +<!-- Phi_326->Store19 --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>Phi_326->Store19</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M174,-196.4C174,-207.74 174,-222.77 174,-235.68"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="170.5,-235.9 174,-245.9 177.5,-235.9 170.5,-235.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="171" y="-199" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Phi_326->Store23 --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>Phi_326->Store23</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M191.07,-193.63C206.76,-207.08 230.2,-227.17 247.81,-242.27"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="245.58,-244.97 255.45,-248.82 250.14,-239.65 245.58,-244.97"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="188.07" y="-196.23" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Phi_326->Region24 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>Phi_326->Region24</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" stroke-dasharray="1,5" d="M140.62,-178C138.17,-178 135.71,-178 133.25,-178"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="133.14,-174.5 123.14,-178 133.14,-181.5 133.14,-174.5"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="137.62" y="-171.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Return27->new8 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>Return27->new8</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M207.48,-120.36C230.67,-131.64 259.67,-150.25 273,-177"/> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M273,-179C286.16,-205.41 244.02,-204.62 233,-232 213.44,-280.58 225.92,-297.09 219,-349"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="210.48" y="-113.96" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Return27->Store13 --> +<g id="edge24" class="edge"> +<title>Return27->Store13</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M273,-179C286,-204.9 298.85,-205.68 311,-232 324.45,-261.13 332.19,-297.33 336.24,-321.69"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="332.79,-322.32 337.8,-331.66 339.71,-321.24 332.79,-322.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="270" y="-172.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Return27->Region24 --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>Return27->Region24</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M153.24,-124.3C142.76,-133.03 129.89,-143.76 118.5,-153.25"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="115.97,-150.81 110.53,-159.9 120.45,-156.18 115.97,-150.81"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.24" y="-126.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Return27->Phi_326 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>Return27->Phi_326</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M174,-124.3C174,-132.02 174,-141.29 174,-149.89"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="170.5,-149.9 174,-159.9 177.5,-149.9 170.5,-149.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="171" y="-126.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example2a.gv b/docs/chapter10/example2a.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..23f31bf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example2a.gv @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +digraph chapter10 { +/* +struct Bar { + int a; + int b; +} +struct Foo { + int x; +} +Foo? foo = null; +Bar bar = new Bar; +bar.a = 1; +bar.a = 2; +return bar.a; + +*/ + rankdir=BT; + concentrate="true"; + compound="true"; + subgraph cluster_Nodes { + Start2 [ shape=plaintext label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="yellow">Start</TD></TR> + <TR><TD> + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD PORT="p0" BGCOLOR="yellow">$ctrl</TD><TD PORT="p2">$2</TD><TD PORT="p3">$3</TD><TD PORT="p4">$4</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + </TD></TR> + </TABLE>> + ]; + Stop3 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Stop" ]; + new10 [ label="new Bar" ]; + Con_11 [ label="#0" ]; + Store12 [ label=".a =" ]; + Store13 [ label=".b =" ]; + Con_14 [ label="#1" ]; + Store15 [ label=".a =" ]; + Con_16 [ label="#2" ]; + Store17 [ label=".a =" ]; + Load18 [ label=".a" ]; + Return19 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Return" ]; + } + edge [ fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=8 ]; + Stop3 -> Return19[taillabel=0 color=red]; + new10 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=green]; + Store12 -> Start2:p2[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store12 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store12 -> Con_11[taillabel=3]; + Store13 -> Start2:p3[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store13 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store13 -> Con_11[taillabel=3]; + Store15 -> Store12[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store15 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store15 -> Con_14[taillabel=3]; + Store17 -> Store15[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store17 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store17 -> Con_16[taillabel=3]; + Load18 -> Store17[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Load18 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Return19 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=red]; + Return19 -> Load18[taillabel=1]; + Return19 -> Store17[taillabel=2 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Store13[taillabel=3 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Start2:p4[taillabel=4 color=blue]; +} diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example2a.svg b/docs/chapter10/example2a.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9f069ad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example2a.svg @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0) + --> +<!-- Title: chapter10 Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="331pt" height="608pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 331.00 608.00" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 604)"> +<title>chapter10</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="transparent" points="-4,4 -4,-604 327,-604 327,4 -4,4"/> +<g id="clust1" class="cluster"> +<title>cluster_Nodes</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="8,-8 8,-592 315,-592 315,-8 8,-8"/> +</g> +<!-- Start2 --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>Start2</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="129,-555 129,-580 254,-580 254,-555 129,-555"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="129,-555 129,-580 254,-580 254,-555 129,-555"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="173" y="-563.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Start</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="129,-524 129,-555 254,-555 254,-524 129,-524"/> +<polygon 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font-size="14.00">new Bar</text> +</g> +<!-- new10->Start2 --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>new10->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="green" d="M133.89,-483.12C141.58,-492.29 149.78,-504.57 152.8,-517.77"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="green" points="149.36,-518.48 154,-528 156.31,-517.66 149.36,-518.48"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="130.89" y="-485.72" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_11 --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>Con_11</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="232" cy="-466" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="232" y="-462.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#0</text> +</g> +<!-- Store12 --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>Store12</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="178" cy="-394" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="178" y="-390.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store12->Start2 --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>Store12->Start2:p2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M179.7,-412.2C181.85,-435.45 185.36,-478.51 185.92,-517.62"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="182.43,-518.03 186,-528 189.43,-517.97 182.43,-518.03"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="176.7" y="-414.8" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store12->new10 --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>Store12->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M164.68,-410.54C157.06,-419.43 147.32,-430.79 138.71,-440.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="135.97,-438.66 132.11,-448.53 141.28,-443.22 135.97,-438.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="161.68" y="-413.14" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store12->Con_11 --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>Store12->Con_11</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M189.98,-410.54C196.98,-419.6 205.94,-431.21 213.79,-441.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" 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id="node8" class="node"> +<title>Store15</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="86" cy="-322" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="86" y="-318.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store15->new10 --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>Store15->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M98.96,-338.58C106.42,-348.58 115.07,-362.24 119,-376 124.76,-396.15 124.14,-419.93 122.28,-437.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="118.79,-437.53 121.04,-447.89 125.74,-438.39 118.79,-437.53"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="95.96" y="-341.18" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store15->Store12 --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>Store15->Store12</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M103.74,-336.5C117.4,-346.89 136.48,-361.41 151.88,-373.13"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="149.92,-376.04 160,-379.31 154.16,-370.47 149.92,-376.04"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="106.74" y="-339.1" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store15->Con_14 --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>Store15->Con_14</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.26,-340.3C84.93,-348.02 84.53,-357.29 84.16,-365.89"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="80.66,-365.75 83.73,-375.9 87.66,-366.05 80.66,-365.75"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="82.26" y="-342.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_16 --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>Con_16</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="161" cy="-322" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="161" y="-318.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>Store17</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="86" cy="-250" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="86" y="-246.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->new10 --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.13,-265.26C57.27,-278.25 40.68,-298.75 37,-321"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="67.13" y="-267.86" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Store15 --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Store15</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M86,-268.3C86,-276.02 86,-285.29 86,-293.89"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="82.5,-293.9 86,-303.9 89.5,-293.9 82.5,-293.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="83" y="-270.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Con_16 --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Con_16</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M101.54,-265.5C112.24,-275.49 126.62,-288.91 138.56,-300.06"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="136.29,-302.73 145.99,-306.99 141.07,-297.61 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+*/ + rankdir=BT; + concentrate="true"; + compound="true"; + subgraph cluster_Nodes { + Start2 [ shape=plaintext label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="yellow">Start</TD></TR> + <TR><TD> + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD PORT="p0" BGCOLOR="yellow">$ctrl</TD><TD PORT="p2">$2</TD><TD PORT="p3">$3</TD><TD PORT="p4">$4</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + </TD></TR> + </TABLE>> + ]; + Stop3 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Stop" ]; + new10 [ label="new Bar" ]; + Con_11 [ label="#0" ]; + Store13 [ label=".b =" ]; + Con_16 [ label="#2" ]; + Store17 [ label=".a =" ]; + Load18 [ label=".a" ]; + Return19 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Return" ]; + } + edge [ fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=8 ]; + Stop3 -> Return19[taillabel=0 color=red]; + new10 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=green]; + Store13 -> Start2:p3[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store13 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store13 -> Con_11[taillabel=3]; + Store17 -> Start2:p2[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store17 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store17 -> Con_16[taillabel=3]; + Load18 -> Store17[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Load18 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Return19 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=red]; + Return19 -> Load18[taillabel=1]; + Return19 -> Store17[taillabel=2 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Store13[taillabel=3 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Start2:p4[taillabel=4 color=blue]; +} diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example2b.svg b/docs/chapter10/example2b.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ecf4de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example2b.svg @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0) + --> +<!-- Title: chapter10 Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="369pt" height="464pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 368.60 464.00" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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+</g> +<!-- Return19 --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>Return19</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="145,-124 79,-124 79,-88 145,-88 145,-124"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="112" y="-102.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Return</text> +</g> +<!-- Stop3->Return19 --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>Stop3->Return19</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M112,-52.3C112,-60.02 112,-69.29 112,-77.89"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="108.5,-77.9 112,-87.9 115.5,-77.9 108.5,-77.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="109" y="-54.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- new10 --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>new10</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="177" cy="-322" rx="49.29" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="177" y="-318.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">new Bar</text> +</g> +<!-- new10->Start2 --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>new10->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="green" d="M177,-340.09C177,-349.55 177,-361.77 177,-373.69"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="green" points="173.5,-374 177,-384 180.5,-374 173.5,-374"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-342.69" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_11 --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>Con_11</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="291" cy="-322" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="291" y="-318.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#0</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13 --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>Store13</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="266" cy="-250" rx="30.59" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="266" y="-246.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.b =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->Start2 --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->Start2:p3</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M259.43,-267.92C251.04,-290.96 237.36,-333.9 235.27,-373.91"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="231.77,-373.91 235,-384 238.77,-374.1 231.77,-373.91"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="256.43" y="-270.52" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->new10 --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M248.42,-264.83C235.97,-274.62 219.01,-287.96 204.75,-299.17"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="202.41,-296.56 196.72,-305.49 206.74,-302.06 202.41,-296.56"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="245.42" y="-267.43" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13->Con_11 --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>Store13->Con_11</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M272.05,-267.95C274.91,-275.94 278.38,-285.67 281.57,-294.6"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="278.34,-295.97 285,-304.21 284.94,-293.62 278.34,-295.97"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="269.05" y="-270.55" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_16 --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>Con_16</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="83" cy="-322" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="83" y="-318.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17 --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>Store17</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="74" cy="-250" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="74" y="-246.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Start2 --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Start2:p2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M61.5,-266.67C47.91,-285.72 30.23,-318.07 47,-340 90.02,-396.26 197.33,-318.14 208.12,-373.87"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="204.65,-374.34 209,-384 211.62,-373.74 204.65,-374.34"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="58.5" y="-269.27" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->new10 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M93.37,-264.17C108.16,-274.22 128.83,-288.27 145.92,-299.88"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.25,-302.97 154.49,-305.7 148.18,-297.18 144.25,-302.97"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="90.37" y="-266.77" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Con_16 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Con_16</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M76.22,-268.3C77.22,-276.02 78.41,-285.29 79.51,-293.89"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="76.05,-294.42 80.8,-303.9 83,-293.53 76.05,-294.42"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="73.22" y="-270.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Load18 --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>Load18</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="112" cy="-178" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="112" y="-174.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a</text> +</g> +<!-- Load18->new10 --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>Load18->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M119.58,-195.57C130.78,-220.02 151.82,-266 165.09,-294.98"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="161.92,-296.46 169.26,-304.1 168.28,-293.55 161.92,-296.46"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="116.58" y="-198.17" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Load18->Store17 --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>Load18->Store17</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M103.19,-195.24C98.65,-203.6 93.01,-213.98 87.9,-223.39"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="84.72,-221.91 83.03,-232.37 90.88,-225.25 84.72,-221.91"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="100.19" y="-197.84" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Start2 --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M78.92,-118.71C54.82,-129.48 25.06,-148.19 17,-177"/> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M17,-179C-2.42,-248.44 -5.52,-281.77 37,-340 66.51,-380.41 90.13,-391.98 133.12,-394.44"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="133.09,-397.94 143.22,-394.85 133.37,-390.94 133.09,-397.94"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="75.92" y="-112.31" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Start2 --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Start2:p4</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M337,-179C373.1,-264.02 373.34,-375.99 294.56,-392.84"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="293.9,-389.4 284.56,-394.41 294.99,-396.32 293.9,-389.4"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="334" y="-172.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">4</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Store13 --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Store13</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M145.2,-111.29C204,-119.77 321.73,-141.04 337,-177"/> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M337,-179C346.91,-202.35 322.21,-221.91 299.27,-234.36"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="297.63,-231.27 290.32,-238.94 300.82,-237.5 297.63,-231.27"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="148.2" y="-104.89" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Store17 --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Store17</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M17,-179C11.2,-199.75 28.07,-218.41 44.94,-231.23"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="42.94,-234.1 53.12,-237.04 46.99,-228.4 42.94,-234.1"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="14" y="-172.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Load18 --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Load18</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M112,-124.3C112,-132.02 112,-141.29 112,-149.89"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="108.5,-149.9 112,-159.9 115.5,-149.9 108.5,-149.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="109" y="-126.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example2c.gv b/docs/chapter10/example2c.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76db03bb --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example2c.gv @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +digraph chapter10 { +/* +struct Bar { + int a; + int b; +} +struct Foo { + int x; +} +Foo? foo = null; +Bar bar = new Bar; +bar.a = 1; +bar.a = 2; +return bar.a; + +*/ + rankdir=BT; + concentrate="true"; + compound="true"; + subgraph cluster_Nodes { + Con_16 [ label="#2" ]; + Store17 [ label=".a =" ]; + Start2 [ shape=plaintext label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="yellow">Start</TD></TR> + <TR><TD> + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD PORT="p0" BGCOLOR="yellow">$ctrl</TD><TD PORT="p2">$2</TD><TD PORT="p3">$3</TD><TD PORT="p4">$4</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + </TD></TR> + </TABLE>> + ]; + Return19 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Return" ]; + Stop3 [ shape=box style=filled fillcolor=yellow label="Stop" ]; + new10 [ label="new Bar" ]; + Con_11 [ label="#0" ]; + Store13 [ label=".b =" ]; + } + edge [ fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=8 ]; + Store17 -> Start2:p2[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store17 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store17 -> Con_16[taillabel=3]; + Return19 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=red]; + Return19 -> Con_16[taillabel=1]; + Return19 -> Store17[taillabel=2 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Store13[taillabel=3 color=blue]; + Return19 -> Start2:p4[taillabel=4 color=blue]; + Stop3 -> Return19[taillabel=0 color=red]; + new10 -> Start2:p0[taillabel=0 color=green]; + Store13 -> Start2:p3[taillabel=1 color=blue]; + Store13 -> new10[taillabel=2]; + Store13 -> Con_11[taillabel=3]; +} diff --git a/docs/chapter10/example2c.svg b/docs/chapter10/example2c.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d70660a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/example2c.svg @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.43.0 (0) + --> +<!-- Title: chapter10 Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="362pt" height="392pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 362.00 392.00" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 388)"> +<title>chapter10</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="transparent" points="-4,4 -4,-388 358,-388 358,4 -4,4"/> +<g id="clust1" class="cluster"> +<title>cluster_Nodes</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="8,-8 8,-376 346,-376 346,-8 8,-8"/> +</g> +<!-- Con_16 --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>Con_16</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="63" cy="-250" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="63" y="-246.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">#2</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17 --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>Store17</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="130" cy="-178" rx="29.8" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="130" y="-174.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.a =</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Con_16 --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Con_16</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M115.79,-193.85C106.64,-203.4 94.58,-216.01 84.3,-226.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="81.57,-224.53 77.19,-234.18 86.63,-229.37 81.57,-224.53"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="112.79" y="-196.45" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Start2 --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>Start2</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="152,-339 152,-364 277,-364 277,-339 152,-339"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="152,-339 152,-364 277,-364 277,-339 152,-339"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="196" y="-347.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Start</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="152,-308 152,-339 277,-339 277,-308 152,-308"/> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="transparent" points="157,-313 157,-334 197,-334 197,-313 157,-313"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="157,-313 157,-334 197,-334 197,-313 157,-313"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="160" y="-319.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$ctrl</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="197,-313 197,-334 222,-334 222,-313 197,-313"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="200" y="-319.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$2</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="222,-313 222,-334 247,-334 247,-313 222,-313"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="225" y="-319.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$3</text> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="247,-313 247,-334 272,-334 272,-313 247,-313"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="250" y="-319.8" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">$4</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->Start2 --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->Start2:p2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M122.08,-195.45C114.22,-214.42 105.15,-245.81 119,-268 140.46,-302.38 197.41,-273.74 207.47,-301.89"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="204.04,-302.64 209,-312 210.97,-301.59 204.04,-302.64"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="119.08" y="-198.05" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- new10 --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>new10</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="177" cy="-250" rx="49.29" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="177" y="-246.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">new Bar</text> +</g> +<!-- Store17->new10 --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>Store17->new10</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M140.67,-194.88C146.39,-203.41 153.58,-214.11 160.05,-223.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="157.24,-225.85 165.72,-232.2 163.05,-221.95 157.24,-225.85"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="137.67" y="-197.48" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19 --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>Return19</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="223,-124 157,-124 157,-88 223,-88 223,-124"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="190" y="-102.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Return</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Con_16 --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Con_16</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M17,-179C8.57,-197.2 22.58,-216.12 37.3,-229.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="35.08,-232.39 44.95,-236.26 39.65,-227.09 35.08,-232.39"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="14" y="-172.6" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Store17 --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Store17</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M175.17,-124.3C167.47,-133.29 157.96,-144.38 149.66,-154.07"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="146.88,-151.93 143.03,-161.8 152.2,-156.48 146.88,-151.93"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="172.17" y="-126.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">2</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Start2 --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M156.89,-108.08C113.74,-111.57 40.96,-125.25 17,-177"/> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M17,-179C-17.13,-252.71 52.8,-311.87 132.92,-321.6"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="132.97,-325.12 143.25,-322.57 133.63,-318.15 132.97,-325.12"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="153.89" y="-101.68" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Start2 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Start2:p4</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M223.46,-117.39C245.19,-125.72 272.61,-139.46 290,-160 334.77,-212.87 344.89,-312.63 283.09,-322.25"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="282.71,-318.77 273,-323 283.23,-325.75 282.71,-318.77"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="226.46" y="-110.99" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">4</text> +</g> +<!-- Store13 --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>Store13</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="250" cy="-178" rx="30.59" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="250" y="-174.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">.b =</text> +</g> +<!-- Return19->Store13 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>Return19->Store13</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="blue" d="M204.83,-124.3C212.42,-133.16 221.77,-144.07 229.99,-153.66"/> +<polygon fill="blue" stroke="blue" points="227.4,-156.01 236.57,-161.33 232.72,-151.46 227.4,-156.01"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="201.83" y="-126.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">3</text> +</g> +<!-- Stop3 --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>Stop3</title> +<polygon fill="yellow" stroke="black" points="217,-52 163,-52 163,-16 217,-16 217,-52"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="190" y="-30.3" font-family="Times,serif" font-size="14.00">Stop</text> +</g> +<!-- Stop3->Return19 --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>Stop3->Return19</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M190,-52.3C190,-60.02 190,-69.29 190,-77.89"/> +<polygon fill="red" stroke="red" points="186.5,-77.9 190,-87.9 193.5,-77.9 186.5,-77.9"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="187" y="-54.9" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- new10->Start2 --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>new10->Start2:p0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="green" d="M177,-268.09C177,-277.55 177,-289.77 177,-301.69"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="green" points="173.5,-302 177,-312 180.5,-302 173.5,-302"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174" y="-270.69" font-family="Helvetica,sans-Serif" font-size="8.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- Con_11 --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>Con_11</title> +<ellipse fill="none" stroke="black" cx="271" cy="-250" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter10/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter10/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7723e2a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.6; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_MINDOTS [label="...", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_ZERO [label="0" , fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_MAXDOTS [label="...", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_MINDOTS; + INT_TOP -> INT_ZERO; + INT_TOP -> INT_MAXDOTS; + INT_MINDOTS -> INT_BOT; + INT_ZERO -> INT_BOT; + INT_MAXDOTS -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_MINDOTS -> INT_ZERO -> INT_MAXDOTS [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; XCTRL; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_MINDOTS; INT_ZERO; INT_MAXDOTS; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN;} + {rank=same; INT_BOT; CTRL; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter10/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter10/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9eb36bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter10/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,516 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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+<!-- TOP->XCTRL -->
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+<!-- TOP->INT_TOP -->
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+<!-- INT_MINDOTS -->
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+<text text-anchor="middle" x="68.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...</text>
+</g>
+<!-- INT_TOP->INT_MINDOTS -->
+<g id="edge5" class="edge">
+<title>INT_TOP->INT_MINDOTS</title>
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+<!-- INT_ZERO -->
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+<text text-anchor="middle" x="156.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text>
+</g>
+<!-- INT_TOP->INT_ZERO -->
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+<title>INT_TOP->INT_ZERO</title>
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+<text text-anchor="middle" x="244.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...</text>
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+<!-- INT_TOP->INT_MAXDOTS -->
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+<title>INT_TOP->INT_MAXDOTS</title>
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+<!-- INT_BOT -->
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+<!-- INT_BOT->BOT -->
+<g id="edge11" class="edge">
+<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title>
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+<g id="edge8" class="edge">
+<title>INT_MINDOTS->INT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M86.24,-202.47C112.22,-183.76 160.89,-148.7 191.95,-126.33"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="193.68,-129.39 199.75,-120.71 189.59,-123.71 193.68,-129.39"/>
+</g>
+<!-- INT_MINDOTS->INT_ZERO -->
+<!-- INT_ZERO->INT_BOT -->
+<g id="edge9" class="edge">
+<title>INT_ZERO->INT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M165.14,-200.48C175.34,-183.02 192.52,-153.64 205.04,-132.22"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="207.97,-134.13 210,-123.73 201.93,-130.6 207.97,-134.13"/>
+</g>
+<!-- INT_ZERO->INT_MAXDOTS -->
+<!-- INT_MAXDOTS->INT_BOT -->
+<g id="edge10" class="edge">
+<title>INT_MAXDOTS->INT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M240.76,-198.14C237.01,-181.04 231.18,-154.46 226.74,-134.19"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="230.2,-133.6 224.64,-124.58 223.36,-135.09 230.2,-133.6"/>
+</g>
+<!-- PTR0 -->
+<g id="node11" class="node">
+<title>PTR0</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="387.51,-131.25 333.51,-131.25 333.51,-78.25 387.51,-78.25 387.51,-131.25"/>
+<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="342.51,-104.75 342.51,-127.25 378.51,-127.25 378.51,-104.75 342.51,-104.75"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="342.51,-104.75 342.51,-127.25 378.51,-127.25 378.51,-104.75 342.51,-104.75"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="346.63" y="-110.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr?</text>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="342.51,-82.25 342.51,-104.75 378.51,-104.75 378.51,-82.25 342.51,-82.25"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="342.51,-82.25 342.51,-104.75 378.51,-104.75 378.51,-82.25 342.51,-82.25"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="345.51" y="-88.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text>
+</g>
+<!-- PTR->PTR0 -->
+<g id="edge15" class="edge">
+<title>PTR->PTR0</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M360.51,-301.29C360.51,-261.89 360.51,-187.62 360.51,-142.52"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="364.01,-142.68 360.51,-132.68 357.01,-142.68 364.01,-142.68"/>
+</g>
+<!-- PTR0->BOT -->
+<g id="edge16" class="edge">
+<title>PTR0->BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M387.39,-78.81C399.39,-67.68 413.41,-54.68 424.99,-43.94"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="427.24,-46.63 432.19,-37.26 422.48,-41.5 427.24,-46.63"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_S1 -->
+<g id="node14" class="node">
+<title>STRUCT_S1</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="487.38,-234.25 401.63,-234.25 401.63,-198.25 487.38,-198.25 487.38,-234.25"/>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="409.63,-205 409.63,-227.5 440.38,-227.5 440.38,-205 409.63,-205"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="409.63,-205 409.63,-227.5 440.38,-227.5 440.38,-205 409.63,-205"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="412.63" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_0" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="446.1" y1="-224.2" x2="473.67" y2="-208.29" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_0)" stroke="none" points="440.38,-205 440.38,-227.5 479.38,-227.5 479.38,-205 440.38,-205"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="440.38,-205 440.38,-227.5 479.38,-227.5 479.38,-205 440.38,-205"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="443.38" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1 -->
+<g id="edge18" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M503.88,-310.12C492.57,-292.43 474.53,-264.21 461.3,-243.51"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="464.39,-241.85 456.06,-235.31 458.49,-245.62 464.39,-241.85"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_S2 -->
+<g id="node15" class="node">
+<title>STRUCT_S2</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="616.38,-242.75 530.63,-242.75 530.63,-189.75 616.38,-189.75 616.38,-242.75"/>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="538.63,-216.25 538.63,-238.75 569.38,-238.75 569.38,-216.25 538.63,-216.25"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="538.63,-216.25 538.63,-238.75 569.38,-238.75 569.38,-216.25 538.63,-216.25"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="541.63" y="-222.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="575.1" y1="-235.45" x2="602.67" y2="-219.54" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_1)" stroke="none" points="569.38,-216.25 569.38,-238.75 608.38,-238.75 608.38,-216.25 569.38,-216.25"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="569.38,-216.25 569.38,-238.75 608.38,-238.75 608.38,-216.25 569.38,-216.25"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="572.38" y="-222.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="538.63,-193.75 538.63,-216.25 569.38,-216.25 569.38,-193.75 538.63,-193.75"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="538.63,-193.75 538.63,-216.25 569.38,-216.25 569.38,-193.75 538.63,-193.75"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="541.63" y="-199.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_2" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="575.1" y1="-212.95" x2="602.67" y2="-197.04" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_2)" stroke="none" points="569.38,-193.75 569.38,-216.25 608.38,-216.25 608.38,-193.75 569.38,-193.75"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="569.38,-193.75 569.38,-216.25 608.38,-216.25 608.38,-193.75 569.38,-193.75"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="572.38" y="-199.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S2 -->
+<g id="edge19" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S2</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M523.73,-309.64C531.97,-294.34 544.3,-271.45 554.63,-252.28"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="557.59,-254.17 559.26,-243.7 551.43,-250.85 557.59,-254.17"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_SN -->
+<g id="node16" class="node">
+<title>STRUCT_SN</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="745.38,-254 659.63,-254 659.63,-178.5 745.38,-178.5 745.38,-254"/>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="667.63,-227.5 667.63,-250 698.38,-250 698.38,-227.5 667.63,-227.5"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="667.63,-227.5 667.63,-250 698.38,-250 698.38,-227.5 667.63,-227.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="670.63" y="-233.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_3" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="704.1" y1="-246.7" x2="731.67" y2="-230.79" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_3)" stroke="none" points="698.38,-227.5 698.38,-250 737.38,-250 737.38,-227.5 698.38,-227.5"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="698.38,-227.5 698.38,-250 737.38,-250 737.38,-227.5 698.38,-227.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="701.38" y="-233.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="667.63,-205 667.63,-227.5 698.38,-227.5 698.38,-205 667.63,-205"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="667.63,-205 667.63,-227.5 698.38,-227.5 698.38,-205 667.63,-205"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="673.63" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...  </text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_4" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="704.1" y1="-224.2" x2="731.67" y2="-208.29" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_4)" stroke="none" points="698.38,-205 698.38,-227.5 737.38,-227.5 737.38,-205 698.38,-205"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="698.38,-205 698.38,-227.5 737.38,-227.5 737.38,-205 698.38,-205"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="701.38" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="667.63,-182.5 667.63,-205 698.38,-205 698.38,-182.5 667.63,-182.5"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="667.63,-182.5 667.63,-205 698.38,-205 698.38,-182.5 667.63,-182.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="670.63" y="-188.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text>
+<defs>
+<linearGradient id="l_5" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="704.1" y1="-201.7" x2="731.67" y2="-185.79" >
+<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/>
+</linearGradient>
+</defs>
+<polygon fill="url(#l_5)" stroke="none" points="698.38,-182.5 698.38,-205 737.38,-205 737.38,-182.5 698.38,-182.5"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="698.38,-182.5 698.38,-205 737.38,-205 737.38,-182.5 698.38,-182.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="701.38" y="-188.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN -->
+<g id="edge20" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M539.09,-312.43C567.11,-296.11 613.72,-268.96 650.01,-247.82"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="651.76,-250.85 658.64,-242.8 648.24,-244.81 651.76,-250.85"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_BOT -->
+<g id="node13" class="node">
+<title>STRUCT_BOT</title>
+<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="512.51" cy="-104.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="487.76" y="-100.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="503.51" y="-100.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT -->
+<g id="edge24" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M499.56,-87.23C490.56,-75.76 478.41,-60.26 468.22,-47.27"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="471.08,-45.24 462.16,-39.53 465.57,-49.56 471.08,-45.24"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_S1->STRUCT_BOT -->
+<g id="edge21" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_S1->STRUCT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M454.84,-198.62C465.77,-181.01 483.19,-152.96 496.02,-132.29"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="498.98,-134.16 501.29,-123.82 493.04,-130.47 498.98,-134.16"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_S1->STRUCT_S2 -->
+<!-- STRUCT_S2->STRUCT_BOT -->
+<g id="edge22" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_S2->STRUCT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M559.36,-189.85C549.77,-172.63 537.12,-149.92 527.38,-132.44"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="530.68,-131.18 522.76,-124.15 524.57,-134.59 530.68,-131.18"/>
+</g>
+<!-- STRUCT_S2->STRUCT_SN -->
+<!-- STRUCT_SN->STRUCT_BOT -->
+<g id="edge23" class="edge">
+<title>STRUCT_SN->STRUCT_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.87,-190.67C625.81,-171.04 578.69,-143.89 546.98,-125.62"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="548.99,-122.73 538.58,-120.77 545.49,-128.8 548.99,-122.73"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIAS1 -->
+<g id="node19" class="node">
+<title>MEM_ALIAS1</title>
+<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="808.51" cy="-216.25" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/>
+<text text-anchor="middle" x="808.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#1</text>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 -->
+<g id="edge28" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M846.48,-309.64C839.47,-292.59 828.58,-266.09 820.26,-245.84"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="823.55,-244.65 816.52,-236.73 817.08,-247.31 823.55,-244.65"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS -->
+<g id="node20" class="node">
+<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS</title>
+<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="898.51" cy="-216.25" rx="27" ry="18"/>
+<text text-anchor="middle" x="898.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS -->
+<g id="edge29" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M860.54,-309.64C867.71,-292.18 878.96,-264.82 887.35,-244.4"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="890.54,-245.86 891.1,-235.28 884.06,-243.2 890.54,-245.86"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIASN -->
+<g id="node21" class="node">
+<title>MEM_ALIASN</title>
+<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="988.51" cy="-216.25" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/>
+<text text-anchor="middle" x="988.51" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN -->
+<g id="edge30" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M872.56,-311.29C896.65,-291.76 938.11,-258.13 964.38,-236.82"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="966.57,-239.55 972.13,-230.53 962.16,-234.11 966.57,-239.55"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_BOT -->
+<g id="node18" class="node">
+<title>MEM_BOT</title>
+<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="853.51" cy="-104.75" rx="43.67" ry="18"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="829.51" y="-100.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="845.26" y="-100.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_BOT->BOT -->
+<g id="edge34" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_BOT->BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M815.04,-96C735.55,-79.97 554.45,-43.48 480.68,-28.61"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="481.37,-25.18 470.88,-26.63 479.99,-32.04 481.37,-25.18"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT -->
+<g id="edge31" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M815.94,-197.17C823.07,-179.82 833.93,-153.39 842.15,-133.4"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="845.37,-134.75 845.94,-124.17 838.9,-132.09 845.37,-134.75"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_ALIASDOTS -->
+<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT -->
+<g id="edge32" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M891.67,-198.62C884.58,-181.35 873.36,-154.05 864.92,-133.51"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="868.17,-132.22 861.13,-124.3 861.7,-134.88 868.17,-132.22"/>
+</g>
+<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_ALIASN -->
+<!-- MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT -->
+<g id="edge33" class="edge">
+<title>MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M973.02,-202.69C950.75,-184.62 909.29,-151 881.55,-128.49"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="883.86,-125.86 873.89,-122.28 879.45,-131.3 883.86,-125.86"/>
+</g>
+<!-- TUPLE1 -->
+<g id="node24" class="node">
+<title>TUPLE1</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1105.51,-242.75 1051.51,-242.75 1051.51,-189.75 1105.51,-189.75 1105.51,-242.75"/>
+<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1059.76,-216.25 1059.76,-238.75 1097.26,-238.75 1097.26,-216.25 1059.76,-216.25"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1059.76,-216.25 1059.76,-238.75 1097.26,-238.75 1097.26,-216.25 1059.76,-216.25"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="1062.76" y="-222.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1059.76,-193.75 1059.76,-216.25 1097.26,-216.25 1097.26,-193.75 1059.76,-193.75"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1059.76,-193.75 1059.76,-216.25 1097.26,-216.25 1097.26,-193.75 1059.76,-193.75"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="1066.88" y="-199.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text>
+</g>
+<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE1 -->
+<g id="edge38" class="edge">
+<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE1</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1119.01,-309.64C1112.37,-294.48 1102.45,-271.87 1094.1,-252.81"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1097.35,-251.51 1090.13,-243.76 1090.94,-254.32 1097.35,-251.51"/>
+</g>
+<!-- TUPLE2 -->
+<g id="node25" class="node">
+<title>TUPLE2</title>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1202.51,-254 1148.51,-254 1148.51,-178.5 1202.51,-178.5 1202.51,-254"/>
+<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1156.76,-227.5 1156.76,-250 1194.26,-250 1194.26,-227.5 1156.76,-227.5"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1156.76,-227.5 1156.76,-250 1194.26,-250 1194.26,-227.5 1156.76,-227.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.76" y="-233.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1156.76,-205 1156.76,-227.5 1194.26,-227.5 1194.26,-205 1156.76,-205"/>
+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1156.76,-205 1156.76,-227.5 1194.26,-227.5 1194.26,-205 1156.76,-205"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="1163.88" y="-211.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text>
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+<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1156.76,-182.5 1156.76,-205 1194.26,-205 1194.26,-182.5 1156.76,-182.5"/>
+<text text-anchor="start" x="1163.88" y="-188.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text>
+</g>
+<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2 -->
+<g id="edge39" class="edge">
+<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2</title>
+<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1134.17,-309.64C1139.64,-297.4 1147.29,-280.3 1154.53,-264.14"/>
+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1157.68,-265.65 1158.57,-255.09 1151.3,-262.79 1157.68,-265.65"/>
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+<!-- TUPLEN -->
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