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diff --git a/docs/appendices/README.md b/docs/appendices/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9e39770c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Appendices + +These notes supplement the numbered compiler snapshots; they do not introduce +another compiler directory. + +- [Native library construction](native-libraries.md): bundled `sys`, native + symbols and thunks, runtime support, and executable examples in Chapter 28b. +- [Optimizer and backend tuning](optimizer-tuning.md): spill ranking, + rematerialization, inlining, and historical measurements from the split's + original snapshots. [Measurement methods](../regalloc-spills.md) describe + what those numbers include. diff --git a/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md b/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9a2b8b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/native-libraries.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +# Native library construction + +The complete compiler is [Chapter 28b](../chapter28b/README.md). This appendix +collects the library and native support that accompanied the old combined +Chapter 25. The split preserves that functionality in Chapter 28b. + +## Building the library + +From `chapter28b`, run: + +```sh +make lib release +``` + +Make builds `build/release/Simple.jar` and, under the selected CPU/ABI directory, +`sys.o`, the child objects under `sys/`, and `simple_crt.o`. The default CPU is x86-64; the default calling +convention is win64 on Windows and SystemV elsewhere. Rebuild serialized +objects after changing the compiler or object format. + +`src/main/smp/sys.smp` exposes child units for native libc bindings, I/O, +characters, scanners, arrays, growable buffers, and bitsets. These compile into +one object per compilation unit. Clients read declarations and function +summaries first, then request an object's IR when considering inlining. +Native linking follows recorded object dependencies even when the optimizer +never loads their bodies. Install the complete object tree alongside `sys.o`; +there is no runtime object loading. Function-level IR loading within an object +and a complete incremental build driver remain future work. + +The `simple.sh`, `simple.ps1`, and `simple.bat` launchers set `SIMPLE_HOME` so +the compiler can find the release library. The CLI accepts `-L` for additional +Simple objects or search directories. The chapter README gives an explicit +library/client example that needs no library source in the client root. + +## Native symbols and pointer sizes + +Native function calls and numeric native data symbols have ELF relocations. +The historical `Chapter25Test.testExternDataEncoding` and `testExternDataImports` +exercise native data; `StaticDataTest` covers addresses +and static images. A data symbol names storage, whereas a function symbol names +callable code; loading the former and calling the latter require different IR. + +Simple function pointers currently occupy four bytes. On AMD64, a native +function address names a low-address tail-jump thunk, which can reach native +code outside that range. A weak symbol gives static fields and computed +addresses the same entry across objects; direct calls can still use the native +PLT. This preserves constant initialization of function fields without storing +an eight-byte native address in a four-byte slot. The native linker must place +these Simple entries in the representable address range. + +Data pointers still occupy eight bytes. Compact code/data arenas and distinct +full-width native pointer types are [future designs](../roadmap.md#compact-code-and-data-arenas). + +## Runtime and examples + +`src/main/c/simple_crt.c` supplies the errno accessor and converts native process +arguments to Simple byte arrays for an exported `simple_main` function. This +explicit function entry is distinct from the language's class initializer: +the selected initializer still receives the integer `arg`. General class +initializer argument arrays remain a roadmap item. + +The executable examples live in +[`src/test/smp/examples`](../../src/test/smp/examples): Hello World, +Bubble Sort, Capitalize, Dijkstra, and FileIO. The existing Chapter25Test tests +compile and link them through the native harness. `make tests` builds the +library/runtime prerequisites and runs those checks; a Java-only build does +not produce the native prerequisites. + +The compiler's in-memory evaluator and the native driver have different entry +interfaces. Use the matching harness when comparing their results, especially +for programs taking an argument array or performing I/O. diff --git a/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3bbd2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +# 最適化とバックエンドの調整 + +These measurements are from the numbered snapshots before the 2026-10 split. +In this historical table, Ch 24 means the retired combined SCCP snapshot and +Ch 25 means the retired combined modules/constructor/import snapshot. +They are not new measurements of the extracted chapters. The implementation +continues in [Separate Compilation](../chapter28b/README.md). + +## RegAlloc の改良: 生存区間の面積と分割コスト + +第24章はループ Phi の高頻度辺を分割する前に、低頻度のコピーを試しました。この章ではさらに、スピルがスケジュール済みコードのどれだけをレジスタ圧力から解放するかを推定し、新しいコピーの推定コストで割ります。callee-save 区間は関数全体を覆います。複製可能な定数は使用の近くで再構築できます。ループ内のコピーは高コストなので、`8^loopDepth` で重み付けします。特に多数の使用を持つ値については、低コストな近似です。 + +複数の固定レジスタ使用を直接分割する規則や、一部の複数定義区間をより深く分割する規則など、第25章のほかの衝突処理はここに残します。サイズのしきい値はヒューリスティックであり、最初の割り当て器へバックポートすべき一般的不変条件ではありません。共有される合法性修正は、引き続き最も早い該当章から始めます。最終監査は第20〜25章の固定隣接ノードの色バイアス、第20〜21章の狭いストアマスク、第21〜25章の ARM レジスタバンク／浮動小数点メモリエンコーディングを修正しました。 + +第21章の隣接コピー転送も引き継ぎます。次の命令だけで使うコピーは、オペランドがコピー元レジスタを受け入れ、命令の結果に結び付けられていなければ除去します。 + +現在の比較は、固定したテスト群を行、コンパイラの章を列にした +[英語版の測定表](optimizer-tuning.md#regalloc-improvements-live-range-area-and-split-cost) を参照してください。 +各セルは ARM/RISC-V の実行命令数、そのうち割り当て器が生成したコピーなどの命令数、 +x86 のループ重み付き移動数を示します。これらは異なる指標です。 +対象、入力、除外項目は [測定方法](../regalloc-spills.md) にあります。 +古い測定群の集計値と混ぜて比較しないでください。 + +クラス初期化、インライン化、エスケープ解析、ライブラリの変更もグラフを変えます。 +章をまたぐ差を割り当て器だけの品質差と解釈せず、同じ入力とコンパイラで +ヒューリスティックを比較してください。 diff --git a/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88428df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/appendices/optimizer-tuning.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# Optimizer and backend tuning + +These measurements are from the numbered snapshots before the 2026-10 split. +In this historical table, Ch 24 means the retired combined SCCP snapshot and +Ch 25 means the retired combined modules/constructor/import snapshot. +They are not new measurements of the extracted chapters. The implementation +continues in [Separate Compilation](../chapter28b/README.md). + +## RegAlloc improvements: try cold loop splits first + +A loop Phi and its backedge can belong to one live range even though their +values must coexist at some instruction. This self-conflict requires splitting +the range. Chapter 23 split the Phi's definition and incoming values right away. +This chapter first leaves the hot definition/backedge alone and tries the +outside-loop copies. If coloring succeeds, it avoids moves on every iteration. +Other conflicts, including two-address operations, keep their existing handling. + +The allocator remembers which Phis have had this chance. If the same Phi +self-conflicts again, the next attempt uses the ordinary aggressive splitting. +The record uses Phi identity because live ranges are rebuilt each round. It +also covers a backedge-only conflict where the first attempt inserts no copy: +that attempt must still consume the one permitted delay. A regression checks +both the cheaper first attempt and the mandatory fallback. + +## RegAlloc improvements: live-range area and split cost + +Chapter 24 tried cold copies before splitting a loop Phi's hot edges. This +chapter also estimates how much scheduled code a spill frees from register +pressure, divided by the estimated cost of the new copies. Callee-save ranges +cover a whole function. Cloneable constants can be rebuilt nearer their uses. +Copies inside loops cost more: the estimate weights them by `8^loopDepth`. +These are inexpensive approximations, especially for values with many uses. + +A single-use function address in the same block gets priority for +rematerialization when it is separated from its use. Moving that address +calculation next to the use adds no instruction and avoids preserving a +callee-save register merely to hold the constant. Adjacent uses and multi-use +addresses retain the area/cost ranking. + +Rows are fixed test cohorts; columns are compiler chapters. Each cell gives +**Ops / RA / X**: executed ARM+RISC-V instructions, the subset emitted for +allocator copies/rematerializations, and x86's loop-weighted split-move estimate. +**Cases D / X** counts measured dynamic program/target cases and x86 compilations; +membership and inputs stay fixed across columns. Native-library work is excluded. +Chapter 20 has no encoder, hence no dynamic counts. Lower is better within each +metric; see the [measurement details](../regalloc-spills.md) for coverage. + +<!-- spill-matrix:start --> +| Test cohort | Cases D / X | Ch 20: Ops / RA / X | Ch 21: Ops / RA / X | Ch 22: Ops / RA / X | Ch 23: Ops / RA / X | Ch 24: Ops / RA / X | Ch 25: Ops / RA / X | +|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 / 13 | — / — / 161 | 55,173 / 5,407 / 174 | 58,751 / 9,099 / 175 | 58,736 / 9,084 / 184 | 58,720 / 9,068 / 183 | 58,965 / 9,076 / 208 | +| Ch 21 | 20 / 18 | | 6,207 / 261 / 461 | 6,324 / 379 / 475 | 6,326 / 381 / 475 | 6,325 / 380 / 470 | 6,196 / 219 / 534 | +| Ch 22 | 14 / 8 | | | 198 / 60 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 252 / 92 / 11 | +| Ch 23 | 14 / 8 | | | | 630 / 160 / 36 | 630 / 160 / 36 | 864 / 358 / 36 | +| Ch 24 | 36 / 20 | | | | | 4,923 / 1,341 / 790 | 4,646 / 1,335 / 609 | +| Ch 25 | 2 / 12 | | | | | | 20 / 0 / 1,856 | +<!-- spill-matrix:end --> + + +Chapter 25 introduces several features, which when run on the older tests +generate a lot more code, which in turn generates more spills. + +Class initialization, inlining, escape analysis, and library adaptations +all change the graphs. To help with this, we adjust the inlining +heuristics to try to inline and optimize the boilerplate. diff --git a/docs/chapter24/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differindex b6bdb4bd..b6bdb4bd 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter24/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differindex d952fd4f..d952fd4f 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/ifg_trim.pdf +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter24/lattice.gv b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.gv index 8661082d..8661082d 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/lattice.gv +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.gv diff --git a/docs/chapter24/lattice.svg b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.svg index e72b473b..e72b473b 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/lattice.svg +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice.svg diff --git a/docs/chapter24/lattice2.gv b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.gv index 6aa37fa0..6aa37fa0 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/lattice2.gv +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.gv diff --git a/docs/chapter24/lattice2.svg b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.svg index 8b682aa7..8b682aa7 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/lattice2.svg +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/lattice2.svg diff --git a/docs/chapter24/pardoe.docx b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/pardoe.docx Binary files differindex 24fde921..24fde921 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/pardoe.docx +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/pardoe.docx diff --git a/docs/chapter24/webtcp.min.js b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/webtcp.min.js index bf23ee5a..bf23ee5a 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/webtcp.min.js +++ b/docs/appendices/reference-assets/webtcp.min.js diff --git a/docs/chapter18/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter18/README.ja.md index d19a0f10..9b42f91e 100644 --- a/docs/chapter18/README.ja.md +++ b/docs/chapter18/README.ja.md @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ val fact = { int n -> return fact(arg); ``` -パーサーは、本体をパースする前に関数の入口を登録します。`fact` への前方参照は、宣言がその関数値を受け取ると解決されます。それによって再帰呼び出しも、外からの呼び出しと同じ入口を見つけられます。この章では戻り値の型推論はまだ悲観的です。相互再帰する定義には、[第24章](../chapter24/README.ja.md)の SCCP で導入する、より強力な解析が必要なことがあります。 +パーサーは、本体をパースする前に関数の入口を登録します。`fact` への前方参照は、宣言がその関数値を受け取ると解決されます。それによって再帰呼び出しも、外からの呼び出しと同じ入口を見つけられます。この章では戻り値の型推論はまだ悲観的です。相互再帰する定義には、[第24章](../chapter24b/README.ja.md)の SCCP で導入する、より強力な解析が必要なことがあります。 ## グラフ内の関数 @@ -221,6 +221,6 @@ code.driver(CodeGen.Phase.LocalSched); その後 [ListScheduler](../../src/main/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/ListScheduler.java) が各ブロックを順序付けます。未スケジュールの局所依存を数え、準備のできた演算を選び、依存が満たされるにつれてそのユーザーを準備済みにします。Phi は入口に、制御移動は出口に属します。ここには機械のタイミングモデルがなく、さまざまな改善の余地がありますが、この章の範囲外です。目標は、引き続き合法な実行順序です。 -[Eval2](../../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Eval2.java) はそのスケジュールを実行し、IR の演算を、無制限の値スロットを持つ命令として扱います。各呼び出しには独自のフレームがあるため、同じノードの再帰的な呼び出しも異なる値を保持します。呼び出し時には、呼び出し元のフレームと復帰地点を保存し、呼び出される側のフレームを作り、選ばれた関数に移ります。return 時には呼び出し元を復元し、その CallEnd に値を渡します。Region では、結果を代入する前に、選ばれたすべての Phi 入力を読みます。そのため並列代入は正しさを保ちます。 +[Eval2](../../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Eval2.java) は、この章から以前の `Evaluator` とその専用テストスケジューラを置き換えます。コンパイラが作ったスケジュールを実行し、IR の演算を、無制限の値スロットを持つ命令として扱います。各呼び出しには独自のフレームがあるため、同じノードの再帰的な呼び出しも異なる値を保持します。呼び出し時には、呼び出し元のフレームと復帰地点を保存し、呼び出される側のフレームを作り、選ばれた関数に移ります。return 時には呼び出し元を復元し、その CallEnd に値を渡します。Region では、結果を代入する前に、選ばれたすべての Phi 入力を読みます。そのため並列代入は正しさを保ちます。 これでスケジュールされた関数からなる実行可能なプログラムができましたが、演算はまだ機械に依存しません。[第19章](../chapter19/README.ja.md)では、スケジューリング前に命令選択を挿入します。これらの理想的な演算は、選んだ CPU のレジスタ制約と呼び出し規約を持つ命令になります。 diff --git a/docs/chapter18/README.md b/docs/chapter18/README.md index cfe70bda..d8b238f8 100644 --- a/docs/chapter18/README.md +++ b/docs/chapter18/README.md @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ reference to `fact` is resolved when the declaration receives its function value. Recursive calls can then find the same entry as calls from outside. Return-type inference is still pessimistic in this chapter; mutually recursive definitions can require the stronger analysis introduced with SCCP in -[Chapter 24](../chapter24/README.md). +[Chapter 24](../chapter24b/README.md). ## Functions in the graph @@ -363,7 +363,9 @@ belong at entry and control transfers at exit. There is room for all sorts of improvements - there is no machine timing model here, but this is out of scope for this chapter. The goal remains a legal execution order. -[Eval2](../../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Eval2.java) executes that schedule, +[Eval2](../../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/Eval2.java) replaces the earlier +`Evaluator` and its separate test scheduler starting in this chapter. It executes +the compiler's schedule, treating IR operations as instructions with an unlimited supply of value slots. Each invocation has its own frame, so recursive invocations of the same nodes keep distinct values. At a call it saves the caller's frame and return diff --git a/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.ja.md index ff7b5d56..682bd967 100644 --- a/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.ja.md +++ b/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.ja.md @@ -80,11 +80,16 @@ expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; bitwiseExpression - : comparisonExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') comparisonExpression)* + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* ; +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Compare adjacent operands once; stop after the first false comparison. +// Keep one direction per chain; < and <= (or > and >=) may mix. comparisonExpression - : shiftExpression (('==' | '!=' | '<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=') shiftExpression)* + : shiftExpression (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)* + | shiftExpression (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ ; shiftExpression diff --git a/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.md b/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.md index 1d52d5a6..cd231b08 100644 --- a/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.md +++ b/docs/chapter23/23-grammar.md @@ -80,11 +80,16 @@ expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; bitwiseExpression - : comparisonExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') comparisonExpression)* + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* ; +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Compare adjacent operands once; stop after the first false comparison. +// Keep one direction per chain; < and <= (or > and >=) may mix. comparisonExpression - : shiftExpression (('==' | '!=' | '<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=') shiftExpression)* + : shiftExpression (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)* + | shiftExpression (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ ; shiftExpression diff --git a/docs/chapter23/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter23/README.ja.md index 5c5427f5..62b69094 100644 --- a/docs/chapter23/README.ja.md +++ b/docs/chapter23/README.ja.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ この文書は [原文](README.md) の日本語訳です。 [前の章: 第22章](../chapter22/README.ja.md) | -[次の章: 第24章](../chapter24/README.ja.md) +[次の章: 第24章](../chapter24a/README.ja.md) この章では *メソッド* を追加します。構造体内で定義し、隠れた `self` 引数を取り、構造体のフィールドへアクセスできる関数です。文字列のようなクラスの `indexOf` メソッドを示します。 diff --git a/docs/chapter23/README.md b/docs/chapter23/README.md index fac74770..b91dc0b1 100644 --- a/docs/chapter23/README.md +++ b/docs/chapter23/README.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ English | [日本語](README.ja.md) [Previous: Chapter 22](../chapter22/README.md) | -[Next: Chapter 24](../chapter24/README.md) +[Next: Chapter 24a](../chapter24a/README.md) In this chapter we add *methods*, functions defined in structs which take a hidden `self` argument and can access the struct fields. Here is an @@ -53,6 +53,18 @@ You can also read [this chapter](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linea Here is the [complete language grammar](23-grammar.md) for this chapter. +## Chained comparisons + +`lo <= x < hi` compares adjacent values and evaluates `x` only once. If the +first comparison fails, the later operand is not evaluated. This uses the +same control and scope merges as short-circuit expressions; it does not need +SCCP. For example, `10 < 30 < 20` is false, and `0 < 2 <= 2` is true. + +A chain must keep one direction, but may mix strict and inclusive tests: +`a < b <= c` and `a >= b > c` are allowed; `a < b > c` is rejected. Equality +has lower precedence and does not join a chain. Parentheses can still make +the result of one comparison an operand of another. + ## Why Cyclic Types? Cyclic types give us a sharper analysis than the alternative, and thus admit diff --git a/docs/chapter24/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter24/README.ja.md deleted file mode 100644 index bf412061..00000000 --- a/docs/chapter24/README.ja.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,262 +0,0 @@ -# 第24章: 関係演算の連鎖と疎な条件付き定数伝播 - -[English](README.md) | 日本語 - -この文書は [原文](README.md) の日本語訳です。 - -[前の章: 第23章](../chapter23/README.ja.md) | -[次の章: 第25章](../chapter25/README.ja.md) - -この章では、たとえば `(60 <= score < 90)` のような条件の *連鎖* を許し、中央の `score` を繰り返さずに済むようにします。 - -コンパイラの主な変更は、手続き間の疎な条件付き定数伝播（SCCP）です。呼び出しグラフの辺も発見する、楽観的な型の求解です。メモリは第11章の遅延分割に従います。BulkMemPhi はメモリ全体を表し、MemPhi は正確なエイリアスをマージし、割り当てはインスタンスフィールドの部分メモリを消費・生成します。SCCP 中、メモリ Phi は到達不能入力を無視し、割り当て結果は制御が到達するまで高いままです。第25章には、不完全な型のための大きな SSA 再設計、非公開のコンストラクタメモリ、分割コンパイルを残します。[バックポートのレビュー待ち一覧](../chapter-backports.md) を参照してください。 - -[linear](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear) ブランチ上の直線的な Git リビジョン履歴で [この章](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear-chapter24) を読み、前の章と [比較](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/compare/linear-chapter23...linear-chapter24) することもできます。 - -この章の[完全な言語文法](24-grammar.ja.md)はこちらです。 - -## 関係比較の連鎖 - -関係比較の連鎖により、同じ変数を繰り返さず、連続する比較をすっきりと読みやすく書けます。 - -```java -if (min <= x && x < max) -``` - -は、次になります。 - -```java -if (min <= x < max) -``` - -この構文は場所を節約し、数学で範囲検査を書く方法に似た、直感的な条件にします。たとえば: - -```java -int score = 75; -if (60 <= score < 90) { - sys.io.p("Pass"); -} -``` - -これは `score` を繰り返さず、60以上90未満かを検査します。 - -`<=` と `>=` の両方を使うなど、逆向きの比較を混ぜる式は、Simple の方向規則では許されません。 - -```java -if (a <= b >= c) -``` - -### 演算子の方向規則 - -重ねた比較は、すべての比較演算子が同じ方向を「向く」場合 *だけ* 有効です。 - -- `<` と `<` -- `<` と `<=` -- `>` と `>` -- `>` と `>=` - -等値演算子（`==` と `!=`）は通常どおり、より低い優先順位を持ちます。関係演算の連鎖をつなぐ要素ではありません。 - -1つの連鎖で方向を混ぜることはできません。 - -```java -if (a <= b >= c) // Invalid -``` - -真偽値を使えば、比較を数値の文脈に強制できます。次は有効ですが、珍しい書き方です。 - -```java -return (0 < arg) > 1; -``` - -`(0 < arg)` の結果に応じて、次のいずれかになります。 - -```java -return 0 > 1; -``` - -または - -```java -return 1 > 1; -``` - -等値演算子もこの形式で有効ですが、比較より優先順位が低いため、 - -```java -a < b == c -``` - -は次のように解析されます。 - -```java -(a < b) == c -``` - -これは意図した連鎖比較とは違うかもしれません。より明示的な代替は次です。 - -```java -a < b && b == c -``` - -比較は任意の長さで連鎖でき、同じ方向を向く限り、異なる比較演算子を自由に混ぜられます。中間の各オペランドは1回だけ評価します。後のオペランドは、前の比較が成功した場合だけ評価するため、連鎖内の呼び出しや更新は短絡評価されます。 - -例: - -``` -return 0 < arg < arg+1 < 4; -``` - -### 注意が必要な境界例 - -```java -return 0 != arg != 1; -``` - -これは連鎖した不等比較ではなく、標準の優先順位規則により次のように解析します。 - -```java -return ((0 != arg) != 1); -``` - -```java -return a == b == c; -``` - -同様に、これは次のように解析します。 - -```java -return ((a == b) == c); -``` - -## 疎な条件付き定数伝播 - -[SCCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation) は、これまで行ってきたピープホール最適化／定数畳み込みの、上から下へ進む版です。アルゴリズムの規則は文献でよく知られ、大学で一般に教えられています。[スライドの例](https://www.cse.psu.edu/~gxt29/teaching/cse522s23/slides/08monotoneFramework.pdf) があります。 - -- すでに束を持っています。 -- すでに SSA 形式を持っています。したがってアルゴリズムは *疎* です。 -- ノードから型への対応（`Node._type`）を持っています。 -- すでに伝達関数（`Node.compute`）を持っています。 - -すべての `_type` を、⊥ ではなく ⊤ に初期化し、すべてのノードをワークリストに置きます。そこからノードを取り、伝達関数 `node.compute()` を実行します。結果が `node._type` と変われば更新し、その出力側の隣接ノードをワークリストへ入れます。アサーションとデバッグ補助をすべて取り除いた簡略版は次のとおりです。 - -```java -while( (n = code._iter._work.pop()) != null ) { - Type nval = n.compute(); - if( n._type != nval ) { - assert n._type.isa(nval); // Types start high and always fall - n._type = nval; // Update type in Node - code._iter.addAll(n._outputs);// Neighbors might change, need to inspect - } -} -``` - -このアルゴリズムは必ず停止し、一般にはかなり速く、束と伝達関数の制限内での「最良の答え」である *不動点* に必ず到達します。得られる型はピープホール規則で見つけたものより単調に改善されます。その後、型が改善されたノードでピープホール規則を実行し、無関係なピープホール最適化が適用できるかを調べられます。たとえば新しく発見した定数が、計算を ConstantNode に置き換えます。 - -以下は SSA の擬似コードです。`phi` はマージを意味し、Simple の構文ではありません。 - -```text -int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 -while( rand ) { - x1 = phi(x0,x2); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) - x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT -} -return x1 -``` - -SCCP がなければ、この小さなプログラムは `x` の計算を畳み込めません。見れば `x` は常に `1` とわかりますが、下から上へ進む悲観的手法は、x1 が BOT なので x2 が BOT、したがって x1 が BOT と判断します。行き詰まりを解くには楽観的手法が必要です。x1 が `1` と *仮定* すれば、x2 も `1` と発見できます。値の畳み込みは、ループ停止を証明したり、その条件と副作用を除去可能にしたりするものではありません。 - -アルゴリズムは左から右へ進み、変化がなくなったら停止します。 - -| 変数 | 初期 | x0=1 | x1=phi(1,T) | x2=2-x1 | x1=phi(1,1) | -|---|----|----|-----------|-------|-----------| -| x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -| x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | -| x2 | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | - -### 条件付き - -制御フローがデータフローと同じグラフ内にあるため（これが Sea-of-Nodes の大きな要点です）、特別なことをする必要はなく、アルゴリズムはすでに *条件付き* です。ここでも例が役に立ちます。 - -再び SSA の擬似コードを使います。 - -```text -int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 -while( rand ) { - x1 = phi(x0,x4); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) - if( x1 == 1 ) // Since x1 is BOT, both true and false arms are taken - x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT - else x3 = 99; // x3 = 99 - x4 = phi(x2,x3); // x4 = BOT = phi(BOT,99) -} -return x1 -``` - -再び左から右へ進みますが、今度はすべての経路が到達可能とは限りません。`if` の結果は Control 値の対で、経路が生きていれば `C`、そうでなければ `X` で示します。これは `x4 = phi(x2,x3)` の計算で使います。`PhiNode` は `if` の対応する制御入力 *も* 確認し、生きた経路だけをマージします。 - -| 変数 | 初期 | x0=1 | x1=phi(1,T) | 1 == 1? | x2=2-x1 | x3=99 | x4=phi(C/1,X/99) | x1=phi(1,1) | -|---|-----|----|-----------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|-----------| -| x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -| x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -| if | T | T | T | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | -| x2 | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -| x3 | T | T | T | T | T | 99 | 99 | 99 | -| x4 | T | T | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | - -この種の条件付き定数伝播は、条件が真か偽と証明できると、最適化後のプログラムから検査と分岐を除去するので、非常に役立ちます。よくあるのが null 検査です。同じプログラムで、整数の代わりに null ポインタを使います。 - -```java -List head = notNullList(); -while( rand ) { - if( head ) head = new List(head,payload); - else { head = null; default_action(); } -} -``` - -`head` は非 null で始まるため、決して null にならず、`default_action` も起きません。ループは簡略化できます。 - -```java -List head = notNullList(); -while( rand ) { - head = new List(head,payload); -} -``` - -### 手続き間 - -**Simple** では、ここでもほぼ何もせず、SCCP を手続き間で実行します。`CallNode` は `FunNode` を呼び、`ReturnNode` は `CallEndNode` に戻り、まったく通常の方法で型情報を渡します。ただし問題が1つあります。`Call` と `Fun`、および `Return` と `CallEnd` の間に辺がありません。そのような辺が [呼び出しグラフ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_graph) を構成します。 - -通常の SCCP を拡張し、`Call` の関数ポインタ入力が変わり、新しい関数対象を得る時点を監視します。対象の数は有限なので、前の章で説明した *関数インデックス* で正確に表します。分割コンパイルでは、このコンパイル単位の外で呼ばれる無限の未知関数に対して、特別なインデックスを追加します。 - -`Call` で新しい *fidx* を見つけたら、`Call` と `Fun`、`Return` と `CallEnd` を *リンク* します。このリンクは、`Call` から `Fun`、そして `Call` の引数から `Fun` の `ParmNode` へ CFG 辺を追加したかのように動きます。`FunNode` は `RegionNode` を、`ParmNode` は `PhiNode` を拡張するため、同じ意味規則を使います。`Fun` は呼ばれると到達可能になり、`Parm` はすべての呼び出し引数をマージ（*meet*）します。同様に `CallEnd` は、すべての `Return` の *meet* を計算して、呼ばれたすべての関数の結果をマージします。 - -この *リンク* 段階はアルゴリズムの内部ループにいくつかの検査を加え、正確な呼び出しグラフも構築し、SCCP の手続き間実行を可能にします。進行中に新しい辺を少し発見する以外は、中核アルゴリズムは変わりません。不動点解で停止することが保証され、たとえば特定の呼び出しパラメータが、すべての呼び出し経路で定数、あるいは非 null と発見できることがあります。 - -## RegAlloc の改良: 低頻度側のループ分割を先に試す - -ループの Phi と後退辺は、ある命令で値が共存しなければならなくても、同じ生存区間に属する場合があります。この自己衝突は区間の分割を必要とします。第23章は Phi の定義と入力値をすぐに分割しました。この章では先に、高頻度の定義／後退辺をそのままにし、ループ外のコピーを試します。彩色が成功すれば各反復の移動を避けられます。2アドレス演算を含むほかの衝突は、既存の処理を保持します。 - -割り当て器は、どの Phi にこの機会を与えたかを記憶します。同じ Phi が再び自己衝突すると、次は通常の積極的な分割を使います。区間は各ラウンドで再構築するため、記録には Phi の同一性を使います。最初の試行でコピーを挿入しない、後退辺だけの衝突も対象です。その試行も、1回だけ許された遅延を消費しなければなりません。回帰テストは、安い最初の試行と、必須の代替処理の両方を確認します。 - -第21章の隣接コピー転送も引き継ぎます。彩色後、次の命令に唯一の使用がある場合、オペランドマスクが許し、2アドレスの結び付きを壊さなければコピー元レジスタを読めます。以下の表は、この整理と遅延メモリの前方移植を含みます。第22章の群には、以前の監査後に追加した移動0の C 戻り値 ABI 確認2件も含むようになりました（24ではなく26項目）。 - -`make spill-stats` を実行してください。全行は **第24章のコンパイラ**、最適化器のシード123、以前の群の表と同じソース／対象の組み合わせを使います。この Windows 結果は、x86 SystemV/Win64 と RISC-V/ARM SystemV を合わせ、遅延メモリの前方移植後に再測定したものです。 - -| プログラム群 | コンパイル数 | 残存する移動 | ループ重み付き移動 | -|---|---:|---:|---:| -| 第20章 | 39 | 320 | 439 | -| 第21章 | 52 | 420 | 952 | -| 第22章 | 26 | 67 | 67 | -| 第23章 | 30 | 78 | 225 | -| 第24章 | 67 | 422 | 1,325 | -| **合計** | **214** | **1,307** | **3,008** | - -`_spills` はレジスタ移動を含む残存 SplitNode を数えます。`_spillScaled` は `8^loopDepth` で重み付けするコスト推定で、測定されたメモリアクセスではありません。診断マシングラフはこの表の割り当てに寄与しません。報告器は、スピル期待値が異なっても、割り当ての合法性とネイティブ／エミュレーション結果を確認し、いずれの失敗でも失敗終了します。 - -後のコンパイラ修正より前の、元の2026-09-20割り当て器監査では、表の合計は1,332／2,956でした。低頻度側を先にする規則だけを無効にすると、同じコンパイラとプログラムは **1,338移動／2,962重み付き移動** でした。この規則は各6を減らします。RISC-V MergeSort の1ケースは1移動増えますが、ほかの MergeSort、Sieve、ARM ループの1ケースの改善が相殺します。集計測定はこの局所的な悪化を受け入れる根拠となります。ここでの改善は小さく、普遍的ではありません。 - -その監査で第20〜23章の群だけを見ると、第23章は933／1,745、第24章は900／1,614でした。それぞれの削減のうち、この割り当て器変更によるものは6だけです。残りは SCCP を含むほかのコンパイラ変更です。章だけの比較では、ヒューリスティックの効果を過大に見積もってしまいます。 - -以前の群は64ビット Person、ガード付き String、短いエミュレータ引数リストを保持します。改訂した Jig、BubbleSort、Newton、スタック引数入力は、既存のテストとともに第24章の群に属します。固定した String 処理対象は、インライン化の支配ノード走査で null 検査が欠けていたことも明らかにしました。その正しさの修正はヒューリスティック比較の両側に含めています。面積／コストのスピル順位付けは第25章に残します。 - -現在の関数ポインタ規則は、アドレスが直接呼び出し対象としてだけでなく、値として使われるたびに、未知の呼び出し側を保持します。これにより脱出解析なしで呼び出し可能な本体を保存しますが、Phi で選ばれた関数は一般的なパラメータ型を保持します。return のない String ケースは、今では未使用のハッシュ本体を除去し、分割を必要としません。ソース／対象の構成は変わりません。これらのグラフ変更は、上の低頻度側優先の割り当て器比較とは別です。 diff --git a/docs/chapter24/README.md b/docs/chapter24/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index da369f74..00000000 --- a/docs/chapter24/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,338 +0,0 @@ -# Chapter 24: Chaining Relationals and Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation - -English | [日本語](README.ja.md) - -[Previous: Chapter 23](../chapter23/README.md) | -[Next: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.md) - -In this Chapter we allow *chaining* conditionals, e.g. `(60 <= score < 90)` -where `score` in the middle does not have to be repeated. - -The main compiler change is Interprocedural Sparse Conditional Constant -Propagation (SCCP): an optimistic type solve which also discovers call-graph -edges. SCCP is otherwise the traditional one taught in many classes, except -the lattice it operates on is very rich. - -A new syntax feature is chaining conditions, ala `lo <= x < min` is legal syntax. - -You can also read [this chapter](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear-chapter24) in a linear Git revision history on the [linear](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/linear) branch and [compare](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/compare/linear-chapter23...linear-chapter24) it to the previous chapter. - - -Here is the [complete language grammar](24-grammar.md) for this chapter. - - -## Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation - -[SCCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation) -is the top-down version of the same peephole/constant-folding work we have -been doing all along. The rules for the algorithm are well known from the -literature and commonly taught at the college level; -[example slides](https://www.cse.psu.edu/~gxt29/teaching/cse522s23/slides/08monotoneFramework.pdf). - -- We have a lattice already -- We have SSA form already (hence the algorithm is *sparse*) -- We have a mapping from Nodes to Types (`Node._type`) -- We have transfer functions (`Node.compute`) already. - -We initialize all `_type` fields to ⊤ (as opposed to ⊥), and place all Nodes on -a worklist. We pull a Node from the worklist, run the transfer function -`node.compute()`, and if the result changes from `node._type` we update -`node._type` and put its output neighbors on the worklist. A simplified -version with all asserts and debug helpers removed: - -```java -while( (n = code._iter._work.pop()) != null ) { - Type nval = n.compute(); - if( n._type != nval ) { - assert n._type.isa(nval); // Types start high and always fall - n._type = nval; // Update type in Node - code._iter.addAll(n._outputs);// Neighbors might change, need to inspect - } -} -``` - -This algorithm always terminates (and generally fairly quickly) and always -reaches a *fixed point*, as "best answer" subject to the limits of our lattice -and transfer functions. The resulting types are monotonically better than -those found by the peephole rules; we can then run the peephole rules on nodes -with improved types, to see if unrelated peepholes can fire - such as newly -discovered constants replacing computations with ConstantNodes. - -The following is SSA pseudocode: - -```text -int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 -while( rand ) { - x1 = phi(x0,x2); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) - x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT -} -return x1 -``` - -Without SCCP, this small program cannot fold the computation of `x`. -A glance at the program tells us `x` must always be a `1` but -the bottom-up (pessimistic) approach decides that since x1 is BOT, x2 must be -BOT so x1 must be BOT. We need the optimistic approach to break the -stalemate, and just *assume* x1 is `1`, and then we can discover that x2 is -also a `1`. Folding the value does not prove the loop terminates or make -its condition and side effects removable. - - -The algorithm progresses from left to right and stops when no more changes -happen: - -|Var|init|x0=1|x1=phi(1,T)|x2=2-x1|x1=phi(1,1)| -|---|----|----|-----------|-------|-----------| -|x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -|x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | -|x2 | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | - - - -### Conditional - -Since our control flow is in the same graph as our data flow (that's the major -point of Sea-of-Nodes!), we need not do anything special and our algorithm is -*conditional* already. Again an example is interesting: - -Again using SSA pseudocode: - -```text -int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 -while( rand ) { - x1 = phi(x0,x4); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) - if( x1 == 1 ) // Since x1 is BOT, both true and false arms are taken - x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT - else x3 = 99; // x3 = 99 - x4 = phi(x2,x3); // x4 = BOT = phi(BOT,99) -} -return x1 -``` - -Again the algorithm progresses from left to right, although this time not all -paths are reachable. The `if` result is a pair of Control values, shown as -either `C` if the path is alive or `X` if not. This is used when we compute -`x4 = phi(x2,x3)`; the `PhiNode` ALSO checks the corresponding control input -from the `if` and only merges alive paths. - - -|Var|init |x0=1|x1=phi(1,T)| 1 == 1? | x2=2-x1 | x3=99 |x4=phi(C/1,X/99)|x1=phi(1,1)| -|---|-----|----|-----------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|-----------| -|x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -|x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -|if | T | T | T | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | -|x2 | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -|x3 | T | T | T | T | T | 99 | 99 | 99 | -|x4 | T | T | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | - -This kind of conditional constant propagation really helps if a condition can -be proven true or false, as this removes a test and branch from the optimized -program. A common way this happens is with null tests; here is the same -program above, but using null pointers instead of integers: - -```java -List head = notNullList(); -while( rand ) { - if( head ) head = new List(head,payload); - else { head = null; default_action(); } -} -``` - -Here since `head` starts not-null, it can never be null and the -`default_action` can never happen, and the loop can -simplify: - -```java -List head = notNullList(); -while( rand ) { - head = new List(head,payload); -} -``` - -### Interprocedural - -In **Simple**, we let our SCCP run interprocedurally, again by (nearly) doing nothing: -`CallNodes` call `FunNodes`, `ReturnNodes` return to `CallEndNodes` and they -pass their type information along in exactly the normal way... except for one issue: -there are no edges between `Calls` and `Funs` (nor `Returns` and `CallEnds`). -Such edges make up a [Call Graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_graph). - -We extend the normal SCCP algorithm to observe when a `Call`s function pointer -input changes - when it picks up new function targets. There are only a finite -number so we represent them exactly with *function indices* as described in an -earlier chapter. (Separate compilation adds a special index for the infinite -unknown functions that are called outside this compilation unit). - -Once we observe a new *fidx* at a `Call`, we *link* the `Call` with the `Fun`, -and the `Return` with the `CallEnd`. Such linkage acts exactly as-if we added -a CFG edge from the `Call` to the `Fun`, and the `Call`s arguments to the -`Fun`s `ParmNodes`. `FunNodes` extend `RegionNodes` (and `ParmNodes` extend -`PhiNodes`), so this linkage uses the same semantics. `Fun`s become reachable -when called; `Parm`s merge (*meet*) all calling arguments, and so on. -Similarly, `CallEnd`s merge results from all called functions, computing the -*meet* over all the `Return`s. - -This *link* step adds a few checks to our algorithm's inner loop, and also -builds a precise Call Graph which allows our SCCP to run interprocedurally. -Other than discovering a few new edges as the algorithm proceeds, the core -algorithm is unchanged. We are guaranteed to terminate with a fixed point -solution, and may discover e.g. certain call parameters are constants (or -e.g. not-null) on all calling paths. - - - -## Chaining Relational Tests - -Chaining relational tests offer a cleaner, more readable way to write chained -comparisons without repeating the same variable. - -```java -if (min <= x && x < max) -``` - -becomes - -```java -if (min <= x < max) -``` - -This syntax saves space and makes the condition more intuitive, similar to how -range checks are written in mathematics. E.g. - -```java -int score = 75; -if (60 <= score < 90) { - sys.io.p("Pass"); -} -``` -This checks if score is between 60 (inclusive) and 90 (exclusive), without repeating `score`. - -Expressions that mix opposite directions of comparison, like using both -`<=` and `>=`, are not allowed by Simple's direction rule. - -```java -if (a <= b >= c) -``` - - -### Operator direction rules -Stacked comparisons are *only* valid if all the comparison operators -"point" the same way: -- `<` with `<` -- `<` with `<=` -- `>` with `>` -- `>` with `>=` - -Equality operators (`==` and `!=`) have their normal, lower precedence; they -are not links in a relational chain. - -It is not allowed to mix directions in a single chain: -```java -if (a <= b >= c) // Invalid -``` - -Comparisons can be forced into numeric context using booleans. -This is valid but unusual: -```java -return (0 < arg) > 1; -``` -Depending on the result of (0 < arg) this will turn into either -```java -return 0 > 1; -``` -OR -```java -return 1 > 1; -``` -The equality operator is valid in this form, but since it has lower precedence than comparisons, -```java -a < b == c -``` -is parsed as: -```java -(a < b) == c -``` -This might not be the intended chained comparison. -A more explicit alternative is: -```java -a < b && b == c -``` -Comparisons can be chained together in any length, and different comparison operators may be -mixed freely as long as they point in the same direction. -Each intermediate operand is evaluated once. Later operands are evaluated only -if earlier comparisons succeed, so calls and updates in a chain short-circuit. - -E.g: -``` -return 0 < arg < arg+1 < 4; -``` - -### Tricky edge cases -```java -return 0 != arg != 1; -``` - -This is parsed by standard precedence rules as: -```java -return ((0 != arg) != 1); -``` -not as chained inequality. - -```java -return a == b == c; -``` -Similarly, this is parsed as: -```java -return ((a == b) == c); -``` - - -### Optimization phases - -SCCP introduces a real `Opto` phase between two uses of the peephole worklist: - -```text -Parse -> Iter -> Opto -> IterPostOpto -> FinalizeIR -> TypeCheck -``` - -`Iter` first reaches the pessimistic fixed point. `Opto` resets types to TOP, -solves SCCP and the call graph, and queues nodes whose types changed. -`IterPostOpto` applies rewrites and inlining enabled by that solution. -`FinalizeIR` settles layouts and detaches the analyzed call graph while keeping -surviving functions available to the backend. - - -## RegAlloc improvements: try cold loop splits first - -A loop Phi and its backedge can belong to one live range even though their -values must coexist at some instruction. This self-conflict requires splitting -the range. Chapter 23 split the Phi's definition and incoming values right away. -This chapter first leaves the hot definition/backedge alone and tries the -outside-loop copies. If coloring succeeds, it avoids moves on every iteration. -Other conflicts, including two-address operations, keep their existing handling. - -The allocator remembers which Phis have had this chance. If the same Phi -self-conflicts again, the next attempt uses the ordinary aggressive splitting. -The record uses Phi identity because live ranges are rebuilt each round. It -also covers a backedge-only conflict where the first attempt inserts no copy: -that attempt must still consume the one permitted delay. A regression checks -both the cheaper first attempt and the mandatory fallback. - -Rows are fixed test cohorts; columns are compiler chapters. Each cell gives -**Ops / RA / X**: executed ARM+RISC-V instructions, the subset emitted for -allocator copies/rematerializations, and x86's loop-weighted split-move estimate. -**Cases D / X** counts measured dynamic program/target cases and x86 compilations; -membership and inputs stay fixed across columns. Native-library work is excluded. -Chapter 20 has no encoder, hence no dynamic counts. Lower is better within each -metric; see the [measurement details](../regalloc-spills.md) for coverage. - -<!-- spill-matrix:start --> -| Test cohort | Cases D / X | Ch 20: Ops / RA / X | Ch 21: Ops / RA / X | Ch 22: Ops / RA / X | Ch 23: Ops / RA / X | Ch 24: Ops / RA / X | -|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| -| Ch 20 | 22 / 13 | — / — / 161 | 55,173 / 5,407 / 174 | 58,751 / 9,099 / 175 | 58,736 / 9,084 / 184 | 58,720 / 9,068 / 183 | -| Ch 21 | 20 / 18 | | 6,207 / 261 / 461 | 6,324 / 379 / 475 | 6,326 / 381 / 475 | 6,325 / 380 / 470 | -| Ch 22 | 14 / 8 | | | 198 / 60 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | -| Ch 23 | 14 / 8 | | | | 630 / 160 / 36 | 630 / 160 / 36 | -| Ch 24 | 36 / 20 | | | | | 4,923 / 1,341 / 790 | -<!-- spill-matrix:end --> - diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b715ef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# 第24a章の文法 + +[English](24-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4c95692e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/24-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 24a + +English | [日本語](24-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter24/Makefile b/docs/chapter24a/Makefile index 12659b8f..12659b8f 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/Makefile +++ b/docs/chapter24a/Makefile diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter24a/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd868f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# 第24a章: 関数内の SCCP + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 23](../chapter23/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 24b](../chapter24b/README.ja.md) + +この章は旧第24章から分けた、単独で実行できるコンパイラです。 +関数内の SCCP を第24a章で、関数間への拡張を第24b章で説明します。 +最新の説明と検証方法は [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 + +## 疎な条件付き定数伝播 + +[SCCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation) は、これまで行ってきたピープホール最適化／定数畳み込みの、上から下へ進む版です。アルゴリズムの規則は文献でよく知られ、大学で一般に教えられています。[スライドの例](https://www.cse.psu.edu/~gxt29/teaching/cse522s23/slides/08monotoneFramework.pdf) があります。 + +- すでに束を持っています。 +- すでに SSA 形式を持っています。したがってアルゴリズムは *疎* です。 +- ノードから型への対応（`Node._type`）を持っています。 +- すでに伝達関数（`Node.compute`）を持っています。 + +すべての `_type` を、⊥ ではなく ⊤ に初期化し、すべてのノードをワークリストに置きます。そこからノードを取り、伝達関数 `node.compute()` を実行します。結果が `node._type` と変われば更新し、その出力側の隣接ノードをワークリストへ入れます。依存関係の追跡とデバッグ用の検査の大部分を省いた簡略版は次のとおりです。 + +```java +while( (n = code._iter._work.pop()) != null ) { + Type nval = n.compute(); + if( n._type != nval ) { + assert n._type.isa(nval); // Types start high and always fall + n._type = nval; // Update type in Node + code._iter.addAll(n._outputs);// Neighbors might change, need to inspect + } +} +``` + +単調な伝達関数と、範囲の拡大回数を制限する widening により、アルゴリズムは *不動点* で停止します。widening は範囲の精度を落とすことがあるため、束で表せる最も精密な答えとは限りません。得られる型は悲観的解析と同等以上の精度です。その後、型が改善されたノードでピープホール規則を実行できます。たとえば新しく発見した定数が、計算を ConstantNode に置き換えます。 + +以下は SSA の擬似コードです。`phi` はマージを意味し、Simple の構文ではありません。 + +```text +int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 +while( rand ) { + x1 = phi(x0,x2); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) + x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT +} +return x1 +``` + +SCCP がなければ、この小さなプログラムは `x` の計算を畳み込めません。見れば `x` は常に `1` とわかりますが、下から上へ進む悲観的手法は、x1 が BOT なので x2 が BOT、したがって x1 が BOT と判断します。行き詰まりを解くには楽観的手法が必要です。x1 が `1` と *仮定* すれば、x2 も `1` と発見できます。値の畳み込みは、ループ停止を証明したり、その条件と副作用を除去可能にしたりするものではありません。 + +表はワークリストの処理順の一例を左から右に示します。変化がなくなったら停止します。 + +| 変数 | 初期 | x0=1 | x1=phi(1,T) | x2=2-x1 | x1=phi(1,1) | +|---|----|----|-----------|-------|-----------| +| x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +| x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | +| x2 | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | + +### 条件付き + +制御フローがデータフローと同じグラフ内にあるため（これが Sea-of-Nodes の大きな要点です）、特別なことをする必要はなく、アルゴリズムはすでに *条件付き* です。ここでも例が役に立ちます。 + +再び SSA の擬似コードを使います。 + +```text +int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 +while( rand ) { + x1 = phi(x0,x4); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) + if( x1 == 1 ) // Since x1 is BOT, both true and false arms are taken + x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT + else x3 = 99; // x3 = 99 + x4 = phi(x2,x3); // x4 = BOT = phi(BOT,99) +} +return x1 +``` + +次の表も処理順の一例ですが、今度はすべての経路が到達可能とは限りません。`if` の結果は Control 値の対で、経路が生きていれば `C`、そうでなければ `X` で示します。これは `x4 = phi(x2,x3)` の計算で使います。`PhiNode` は `if` の対応する制御入力 *も* 確認し、生きた経路だけをマージします。 + +| 変数 | 初期 | x0=1 | x1=phi(1,T) | 1 == 1? | x2=2-x1 | x3=99 | x4=phi(C/1,X/99) | x1=phi(1,1) | +|---|-----|----|-----------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|-----------| +| x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +| x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +| if | T | T | T | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | +| x2 | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +| x3 | T | T | T | T | T | 99 | 99 | 99 | +| x4 | T | T | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | + +この種の条件付き定数伝播は、条件が真か偽と証明できると、最適化後のプログラムから検査と分岐を除去するので、非常に役立ちます。よくあるのが null 検査です。同じプログラムで、整数の代わりに null ポインタを使います。 + +```text +List head = notNullList(); +while( rand ) { + if( head ) head = new List(head,payload); + else { head = null; default_action(); } +} +``` + +`head` は非 null で始まるため、決して null にならず、`default_action` も起きません。ループは簡略化できます。 + +```text +List head = notNullList(); +while( rand ) { + head = new List(head,payload); +} +``` + +## 呼び出しとの境界 + +この章の SCCP は各関数を独立に解析します。未知の呼び出し元を表す Start +入力を残し、呼び出し辺を外します。呼び出しの戻り値には、悲観的解析で得た +型を保持します。これは宣言された戻り値型より精密な場合があります。 +呼び出しによるメモリへの影響は保守的に扱います。 + +ループの整数範囲は Phi で拡大し、解析を収束させます。再帰呼び出しを通る +引数と戻り値の推論・拡大は次の章で導入します。 + +このディレクトリで最初に `make lib`、続いて `make tests` を実行してください。 +リポジトリのルートでは `make tests CHAPTERS=chapter24a` を使えます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/README.md b/docs/chapter24a/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3864b12c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Chapter 24a: SCCP Within a Function + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 23](../chapter23/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 24b](../chapter24b/README.md) + +This chapter introduces [SCCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation) +within each function. Next chapter, we'll go interprocedural with SCCP. + +Calls retain conservative interfaces here. In particular, mutually recursive +functions whose return types need inference across calls can still fail with +`No defined return type`; Chapter 24b solves those recursive return cycles. + + +## Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation + +[SCCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation) +is the optimistic version of the same peephole/constant-folding work we have +been doing all along. Types start at the top of the lattice and fall as we +discover reachable values. The rules for the algorithm are well known from the +literature and commonly taught at the college level; +[example slides](https://www.cse.psu.edu/~gxt29/teaching/cse522s23/slides/08monotoneFramework.pdf). + +- We have a lattice already +- We have SSA form already (hence the algorithm is *sparse*) +- We have a mapping from Nodes to Types (`Node._type`) +- We have transfer functions (`Node.compute`) already. + +We initialize all `_type` fields to ⊤ (as opposed to ⊥), and place all Nodes on +a worklist. We pull a Node from the worklist, run the transfer function +`node.compute()`, and if the result changes from `node._type` we update +`node._type` and put its output neighbors on the worklist. A simplified +version, omitting dependency tracking and most debug checks: + +```java +while( (n = code._iter._work.pop()) != null ) { + Type nval = n.compute(); + if( n._type != nval ) { + assert n._type.isa(nval); // Types start high and always fall + n._type = nval; // Update type in Node + code._iter.addAll(n._outputs);// Neighbors might change, need to inspect + } +} +``` + +With monotone transfer functions and bounded range widening, this algorithm +terminates at a *fixed point*. Widening can lose range precision, so this need +not be the sharpest answer the lattice can express. The resulting types are +at least as precise as those found by pessimistic analysis. We can then run +the peephole rules on nodes +with improved types, to see if unrelated peepholes can fire - such as newly +discovered constants replacing computations with ConstantNodes. + +The following is SSA pseudocode: + +```text +int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 +while( rand ) { + x1 = phi(x0,x2); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) + x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT +} +return x1 +``` + +Without SCCP, this small program cannot fold the computation of `x`. +A glance at the program tells us `x` must always be a `1` but +the bottom-up (pessimistic) approach decides that since x1 is BOT, x2 must be +BOT so x1 must be BOT. We need the optimistic approach to break the +stalemate, and just *assume* x1 is `1`, and then we can discover that x2 is +also a `1`. Folding the value does not prove the loop terminates or make +its condition and side effects removable. + + +The table shows one possible worklist order, from left to right. The solve +stops when no more changes happen: + +|Var|init|x0=1|x1=phi(1,T)|x2=2-x1|x1=phi(1,1)| +|---|----|----|-----------|-------|-----------| +|x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +|x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | +|x2 | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | + + + +### Conditional + +Since our control flow is in the same graph as our data flow (that's the major +point of Sea-of-Nodes!), we need not do anything special and our algorithm is +*conditional* already. Again an example is interesting: + +Again using SSA pseudocode: + +```text +int x0 = 1; // x0 = 1 +while( rand ) { + x1 = phi(x0,x4); // x1 = BOT = phi(1,BOT) + if( x1 == 1 ) // Since x1 is BOT, both true and false arms are taken + x2 = 2 - x1; // x2 = BOT = 2 - BOT + else x3 = 99; // x3 = 99 + x4 = phi(x2,x3); // x4 = BOT = phi(BOT,99) +} +return x1 +``` + +Again the table shows one possible order, although this time not all +paths are reachable. The `if` result is a pair of Control values, shown as +either `C` if the path is alive or `X` if not. This is used when we compute +`x4 = phi(x2,x3)`; the `PhiNode` ALSO checks the corresponding control input +from the `if` and only merges alive paths. + + +|Var|init |x0=1|x1=phi(1,T)| 1 == 1? | x2=2-x1 | x3=99 |x4=phi(C/1,X/99)|x1=phi(1,1)| +|---|-----|----|-----------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|-----------| +|x0 | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +|x1 | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +|if | T | T | T | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | [C,X] | +|x2 | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +|x3 | T | T | T | T | T | 99 | 99 | 99 | +|x4 | T | T | T | T | T | T | 1 | 1 | + +This kind of conditional constant propagation really helps if a condition can +be proven true or false, as this removes a test and branch from the optimized +program. A common way this happens is with null tests; here is the same +idea as above, but using null pointers instead of integers (in pseudocode): + +```text +List head = notNullList(); +while( rand ) { + if( head ) head = new List(head,payload); + else { head = null; default_action(); } +} +``` + +Here since `head` starts not-null, it can never be null and the +`default_action` can never happen, and the loop can +simplify: + +```text +List head = notNullList(); +while( rand ) { + head = new List(head,payload); +} +``` + +## Convergence and calls + +Integer ranges can grow one value per loop trip. A loop Phi widens its range +after a bounded number of such steps. Constants stay precise; above-center +ranges must remain narrow so they can fall to constants monotonically. + +During SCCP, each function retains its unknown-caller Start input. Call edges +are disconnected, and call results keep the summaries already established by +pessimistic analysis. Those summaries can be sharper than the written +signature, so discarding them would lose valid facts. Calls still carry +whole-memory effects. The solve discovers no new call edges. + +After the solve, ordinary peepholes relink calls and apply inlining as before. +FinalizeIR removes uncalled bodies and detaches calls for scheduling. This +separates local optimistic analysis from the existing pessimistic call machinery. + +`SccpTest` checks a loop fixed point and a function called with 1 and 2: its +parameter remains general here, while the following chapter infers [1,2]. + +A recursive function whose return type needs optimistic propagation through +calls can still report "No defined return type" here. The next chapter adds +that inference and the widening needed to make it converge; its +`Chapter24Test.testRecursiveWidening` exercises both recursive data cycles. + +## Building and checking + +Run `make lib` once for Java test dependencies, then `make tests` in this +directory. From the repository root, use `make tests CHAPTERS=chapter24a`. +The inherited tests retain their historical class names. + +The [grammar](24-grammar.md) includes chained comparisons introduced in +Chapter 23 beside short-circuit expressions. Allocator tuning is covered in +the [appendix](../appendices/optimizer-tuning.md). diff --git a/docs/chapter24/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter24a/examples/A_helloWorld.smp index 07ff935f..07ff935f 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/examples/A_helloWorld.smp +++ b/docs/chapter24a/examples/A_helloWorld.smp diff --git a/docs/chapter24/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter24a/examples/BubbleSort.smp index 938e3181..938e3181 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/examples/BubbleSort.smp +++ b/docs/chapter24a/examples/BubbleSort.smp diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter24a/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter24a/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter24a/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter24a/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.68,-549.6C568.33,-539.99 430.36,-514.68 359.64,-501.71"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="360.44,-498.29 349.97,-499.93 359.18,-505.18 360.44,-498.29"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>FLT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="494.51" cy="-492.79" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="478.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="494.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->FLT_TOP --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->FLT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M621.99,-545.5C598.79,-536.09 559.6,-520.19 530.78,-508.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="532.29,-505.34 521.7,-504.82 529.65,-511.82 532.29,-505.34"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR --> +<g id="node22" class="node"> +<title>PTR</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-519.29 614.51,-519.29 614.51,-466.29 668.51,-466.29 668.51,-519.29"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="630.63" y="-498.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-476.49" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTR --> +<g id="edge33" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTR</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-492.79" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->MEM_TOP --> +<g id="edge46" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->MEM_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.51,-549.91C717.64,-540.7 867.72,-515.64 947.33,-502.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="947.77,-505.82 957.06,-500.72 946.62,-498.91 947.77,-505.82"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="node34" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1182.51" cy="-492.79" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1175.01" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 133.91,-170.3 142.42,-164.42"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.27,-167.4 150.5,-158.83 140.29,-161.64 144.27,-167.4"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO->INT_BOT --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>INT_LO->INT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M210.07,-127.29C234.52,-118.37 266.93,-106.56 291.82,-97.49"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="292.71,-100.89 300.91,-94.17 290.31,-94.31 292.71,-100.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="node16" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON64</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="564.51" cy="-282.65" rx="55.33" ry="40.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-294.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">64b consts</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[excludes</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-261.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts]</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon 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font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN --> +<g id="edge39" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon 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+<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="773.99,-107.42 765.25,-101.44 768.36,-111.57 773.99,-107.42"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="node31" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="975.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="975.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#1</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="edge47" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M996.51,-474.51C992.58,-438.66 983.84,-358.73 978.96,-314.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="982.45,-313.94 977.89,-304.38 975.5,-314.7 982.45,-313.94"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="node32" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1036.51" cy="-282.65" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1036.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> +<title>MEM_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-82.75" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge53" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M958.6,-75.08C887.17,-63.15 738.86,-38.38 673.56,-27.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.3,-24.05 663.86,-25.86 673.15,-30.96 674.3,-24.05"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge50" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M977.84,-262.38C981.92,-226.96 990.35,-153.62 995.09,-112.45"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="998.57,-112.87 996.23,-102.53 991.61,-112.07 998.57,-112.87"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge51" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1033.07,-264.56C1026.49,-229.93 1012.06,-154.01 1004.08,-112.06"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1007.56,-111.6 1002.25,-102.43 1000.68,-112.91 1007.56,-111.6"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_ALIASN --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge52" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1088.37,-264.2C1070.97,-229.07 1032.98,-152.35 1012.41,-110.82"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1015.58,-109.34 1008.01,-101.93 1009.31,-112.45 1015.58,-109.34"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1 --> +<g id="node36" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1185.51,-309.15 1131.51,-309.15 1131.51,-256.15 1185.51,-256.15 1185.51,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1139.76,-282.65 1139.76,-305.15 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points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-243.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN --> +<g id="edge59" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1192.06,-474.88C1207.65,-445.62 1239.24,-386.36 1263.24,-341.32"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1266.22,-343.18 1267.83,-332.71 1260.04,-339.88 1266.22,-343.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="node35" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1192.51" cy="-82.75" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1169.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter24a/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24a/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter24a/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter24a/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ 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font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" 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d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4d60a5f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# 第24b章の文法 + +[English](24-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4b404e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/24-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 24b + +English | [日本語](24-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/Makefile b/docs/chapter24b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter24b/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32be519f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# 第24b章: 関数間の SCCP + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 24a](../chapter24a/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.ja.md) + +前の章では関数ごとに保守的な呼び出し境界で解析しました。この章では +呼び出し辺を発見しながら、同じワークリストで関数間の値を伝播します。 +最新の説明と検証方法は [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 + +## 呼び出しグラフの発見 + +**Simple** では、ここでもほぼ何もせず、SCCP を手続き間で実行します。`CallNode` は `FunNode` を呼び、`ReturnNode` は `CallEndNode` に戻り、まったく通常の方法で型情報を渡します。ただし問題が1つあります。`Call` と `Fun`、および `Return` と `CallEnd` の間に辺がありません。そのような辺が [呼び出しグラフ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_graph) を構成します。 + +通常の SCCP を拡張し、`Call` の関数ポインタ入力が変わり、新しい関数対象を得る時点を監視します。対象の数は有限なので、前の章で説明した *関数インデックス* で表します。未知の対象には保守的な要約が必要です。後の分割コンパイルでは、オブジェクトファイルをまたいで関数の同一性も保ちます。 + +`Call` で新しい *fidx* を見つけたら、`Call` と `Fun`、`Return` と `CallEnd` を *リンク* します。このリンクは、`Call` から `Fun` へ制御辺を、`Call` の引数から `Fun` の `ParmNode` へデータ辺を追加したかのように動きます。`FunNode` は `RegionNode` を、`ParmNode` は `PhiNode` を拡張するため、同じ意味規則を使います。`Fun` は呼ばれると到達可能になり、`Parm` はすべての呼び出し引数をマージ（*meet*）します。同様に `CallEnd` は、すべての `Return` の *meet* を計算して、呼ばれたすべての関数の結果をマージします。 + +この *リンク* 段階はアルゴリズムの内部ループにいくつかの検査を加え、型伝播で発見した対象から保守的な呼び出しグラフを構築します。進行中に新しい辺を少し発見する以外は、中核アルゴリズムは変わりません。不動点解で停止することが保証され、たとえば特定の呼び出しパラメータが、すべての呼び出し経路で定数、あるいは非 null と発見できることがあります。 + +## 再帰もループ + +再帰には、Parm を通る引数の循環と、Return → CallEnd → 演算 → Phi → Return +という戻り値の循環があります。後者は Parm を通りません。ループの Phi に +加えて Parm と CallEnd にも整数範囲の拡大が必要です。 + +関数アドレスが直接呼び出し以外で使われる場合は、未知の呼び出し元を残します。 +メモリを通した公開範囲の解析は後の章で導入します。 + +このディレクトリで最初に `make lib`、続いて `make tests` を実行してください。 +リポジトリのルートでは +`make tests CHAPTERS=chapter24b` を使えます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/README.md b/docs/chapter24b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..023f1b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Chapter 24b: SCCP Across Functions + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 24a](../chapter24a/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.md) + +The previous chapter runs SCCP within each function, and assumes very +conservative typing across calls. This chapter lets the same worklist +discover call edges and propagate values between functions. + +## Discovering calls while solving types + +In **Simple**, we let our SCCP run interprocedurally, again by (nearly) doing nothing: +`CallNodes` call `FunNodes`, `ReturnNodes` return to `CallEndNodes` and they +pass their type information along in exactly the normal way... except for one issue: +there are no edges between `Calls` and `Funs` (nor `Returns` and `CallEnds`). +Such edges make up a [Call Graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_graph). + +We extend the normal SCCP algorithm to observe when a `Call`s function pointer +input changes - when it picks up new function targets. There are only a finite +number so we represent them exactly with *function indices*, or *fidx* +internally, as described in earlier chapters. Unknown targets still require +conservative summaries. Later, separate compilation must also preserve function +identities across object files. + +Once we observe a new *fidx* at a `Call`, we *link* the `Call` with the `Fun`, +and the `Return` with the `CallEnd`. Such linkage acts exactly as-if we added +a CFG edge from the `Call` to the `Fun`, and data edges from the `Call`s arguments +to the `Fun`s `ParmNodes`. `FunNodes` extend `RegionNodes` (and `ParmNodes` extend +`PhiNodes`), so this linkage uses the same semantics. `Fun`s become reachable +when called; `Parm`s merge (*meet*) all calling arguments, and so on. +Similarly, `CallEnd`s merge results from all called functions, computing the +*meet* over all the `Return`s. + +This *link* step adds a few checks to our algorithm's inner loop, and also +builds a conservative Call Graph from the targets found by type propagation. +Other than discovering a few new edges as the algorithm proceeds, the core +algorithm is unchanged. We are guaranteed to terminate with a fixed point +solution, and may discover e.g. certain call parameters are constants (or +e.g. not-null) on all calling paths. + +## Recursion is a loop in disguise + +We use *widening* of integer ranges at loop heads, as described in the +[previous chapter](../chapter24a/README.md#convergence-and-calls). +This allows us to have a sharper notion of integers over `BOTTOM` without also +allowing the range to grow one integer at a time. The same issue arises during +recursive calls: an argument can flow from a Parm through arithmetic into a +recursive call, then back to the same Parm. + +```simple +val f = { int x -> x == 0 ? 0 : f(x-1)+1; }; +``` + +If the only outside call is `f(999)`, parameter `x` starts with the range +`[999,999]`. We'll then track the recursive call to `f(998)` via normal SCCP +and discover that `x` has range `[998,999]`. Lather, rinse, repeat, +and we're at `[997,999]`. We need to *widen* integer parameters at `Parms`, +not just loop-head `Phis`. + +The same issue arises during the recursive return: the first return will be +with `0` when `x` is zero, then we return `0+1` or the range `[0,1]`, then range +`[0,2]`, etc. `CallEnds` also need to widen. + +Loop Phis, Parms, and CallEnds get widening points, and since this same issue +hits in 3 unrelated places, their comments all cross-reference each other. + + +## Unknown callers + +A `FunPtrNode` (function address) that survives outside a direct call may be +called by code we cannot see. We have to assume the address escapes into +unknown code, which later calls it. We preserve its unknown-caller input, +since we cannot tell what that unknown caller will pass. Precise escape +analysis is introduced later to improve this. + +## Building and checking + +Run `make lib` once for Java test dependencies, then `make tests` in this +directory. From the repository root, use +`make tests CHAPTERS=chapter24b`. +The inherited tests retain their historical class names. + +The [grammar](24-grammar.md) includes chained comparisons introduced in +Chapter 23 beside short-circuit expressions. Allocator tuning is covered in +the [appendix](../appendices/optimizer-tuning.md). diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter24b/examples/A_helloWorld.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..07ff935f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/examples/A_helloWorld.smp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- +sys.io.p("Hello, World!"); +return 0; diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter24b/examples/BubbleSort.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..938e3181 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/examples/BubbleSort.smp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- + +// An implementation of +// https://sampleprograms.io/projects/bubble-sort/ +// +// Bubble sort, with reading (parsing) and writing (formatting) the data. + +val sort = { !sys.aryi64 nums -> + var done = false; + while( !done ) { + done = true; + for( var i = 0; i < nums.len-1; i++ ) + if( nums.buf[i] > nums.buf[i+1] ) { + int tmp = nums.buf[i]; + nums.buf[i] = nums.buf[i+1]; + nums.buf[i+1] = tmp; // Swap + done = false; + } + } +}; + +// Read from stdin a line of the form "[ 4, 3, 2, 1]" and print it sorted. +val main = { -> + // Parse array of numbers from stdin + var nums = sys.parseAryI64( sys.io.stdin() ); + if( !nums ) { + sys.io.p("stdin must look like [4, 3, 2, 1]"); + return 1; + } + + // Bubble sort array of integers + sort(nums); + + // Print a list of numbers to stdout + nums.str().write(1); + return 0; +}; diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter24b/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter24b/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter24b/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter24b/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.68,-549.6C568.33,-539.99 430.36,-514.68 359.64,-501.71"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="360.44,-498.29 349.97,-499.93 359.18,-505.18 360.44,-498.29"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>FLT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="494.51" cy="-492.79" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="478.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="494.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->FLT_TOP --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->FLT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M621.99,-545.5C598.79,-536.09 559.6,-520.19 530.78,-508.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="532.29,-505.34 521.7,-504.82 529.65,-511.82 532.29,-505.34"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR --> +<g id="node22" class="node"> +<title>PTR</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-519.29 614.51,-519.29 614.51,-466.29 668.51,-466.29 668.51,-519.29"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="630.63" y="-498.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-476.49" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTR --> +<g id="edge33" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTR</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-492.79" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->MEM_TOP --> +<g id="edge46" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->MEM_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.51,-549.91C717.64,-540.7 867.72,-515.64 947.33,-502.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="947.77,-505.82 957.06,-500.72 946.62,-498.91 947.77,-505.82"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="node34" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1182.51" cy="-492.79" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1175.01" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 133.91,-170.3 142.42,-164.42"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.27,-167.4 150.5,-158.83 140.29,-161.64 144.27,-167.4"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO->INT_BOT --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>INT_LO->INT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M210.07,-127.29C234.52,-118.37 266.93,-106.56 291.82,-97.49"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="292.71,-100.89 300.91,-94.17 290.31,-94.31 292.71,-100.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="node16" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON64</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="564.51" cy="-282.65" rx="55.33" ry="40.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-294.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">64b consts</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[excludes</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-261.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts]</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-312.52 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+<g id="edge37" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M742.68,-474.51C735.02,-437.92 717.75,-355.45 708.55,-311.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="712.02,-311 706.54,-301.93 705.17,-312.43 712.02,-311"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S2 --> +<g id="node27" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="841.38,-309.15 755.63,-309.15 755.63,-256.15 841.38,-256.15 841.38,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-301.86" x2="827.67" y2="-285.95" > +<stop offset="0" 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="869.63" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...  </text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_4" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="900.1" y1="-290.61" x2="927.67" y2="-274.7" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_4)" stroke="none" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="897.38" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN --> +<g id="edge39" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" 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+<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> 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MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge51" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1033.07,-264.56C1026.49,-229.93 1012.06,-154.01 1004.08,-112.06"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1007.56,-111.6 1002.25,-102.43 1000.68,-112.91 1007.56,-111.6"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_ALIASN --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge52" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1088.37,-264.2C1070.97,-229.07 1032.98,-152.35 1012.41,-110.82"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1015.58,-109.34 1008.01,-101.93 1009.31,-112.45 1015.58,-109.34"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1 --> +<g id="node36" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1185.51,-309.15 1131.51,-309.15 1131.51,-256.15 1185.51,-256.15 1185.51,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1139.76,-282.65 1139.76,-305.15 1177.26,-305.15 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--> +<g id="node37" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1253.51,-320.4 1199.51,-320.4 1199.51,-244.9 1253.51,-244.9 1253.51,-320.4"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1210.76" y="-300.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-255.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2 --> +<g id="edge58" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1186.34,-474.51C1192.95,-442.94 1206.72,-377.19 1216.28,-331.51"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1219.68,-332.35 1218.3,-321.85 1212.83,-330.92 1219.68,-332.35"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN --> +<g id="node38" class="node"> +<title>TUPLEN</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1321.51,-331.65 1267.51,-331.65 1267.51,-233.65 1321.51,-233.65 1321.51,-331.65"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-243.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN --> +<g id="edge59" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1192.06,-474.88C1207.65,-445.62 1239.24,-386.36 1263.24,-341.32"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1266.22,-343.18 1267.83,-332.71 1260.04,-339.88 1266.22,-343.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="node35" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1192.51" cy="-82.75" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1169.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter24b/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="478pt" height="501pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 477.96 500.90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 496.9)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-496.9 473.96,-496.9 473.96,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-463.91" rx="59.04" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-467.11" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-450.61" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->VALH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.15,-434.61C234.93,-429.02 234.85,-423.06 234.9,-417.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-417.69 235.12,-407.61 231.39,-417.52 238.39,-417.69"/> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>INTHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-376.92" rx="37.83" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INTHQ --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INTHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M283.22,-443.83C314.91,-429.81 357.78,-410.83 389.39,-396.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="390.53,-400.16 398.26,-392.92 387.7,-393.76 390.53,-400.16"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRHQ->LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRH_ --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>PTRH_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-289.94" rx="36.77" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.15,-347.62C37.93,-342.03 37.85,-336.07 37.9,-330.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-330.71 38.12,-320.63 34.39,-330.54 41.39,-330.71"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<!-- NILX_ --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>NILX_</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="150.13" cy="-289.94" rx="56.39" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[int,tmp]+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.41,-354.26C82.91,-344.33 97.94,-332.4 111.56,-321.58"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.43,-324.56 119.09,-315.6 109.08,-319.08 113.43,-324.56"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTHQ --> +<!-- VALH_->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M201.21,-359.13C167.78,-344.71 119.68,-323.96 85.33,-309.14"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="87.1,-306.09 76.53,-305.35 84.33,-312.52 87.1,-306.09"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_ --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INTH_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-289.94" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M278.53,-358.93C311.9,-344.16 360.02,-322.86 393.48,-308.05"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="394.67,-311.35 402.4,-304.1 391.84,-304.95 394.67,-311.35"/> +</g> +<!-- NIL__ --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>NIL__</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="324.13" cy="-289.94" rx="62.23" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[+int+tmp],0</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->NIL__ --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->NIL__</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M264.43,-351.34C272.67,-343.01 282.01,-333.55 290.83,-324.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="293.12,-327.3 297.66,-317.72 288.14,-322.38 293.12,-327.3"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_ --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>VALL_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-115.97" rx="39.42" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int,tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->VALL_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-348.1C426.94,-342.37 426.85,-336.25 426.9,-330.21"/> +<polygon 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d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter24/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter25/24-grammar.ja.md index fd3fa232..fd3fa232 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/24-grammar.ja.md +++ b/docs/chapter25/24-grammar.ja.md diff --git a/docs/chapter24/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter25/24-grammar.md index 22867355..22867355 100644 --- a/docs/chapter24/24-grammar.md +++ b/docs/chapter25/24-grammar.md diff --git a/docs/chapter25/Makefile b/docs/chapter25/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter25/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter25/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8eaef623 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# 第25章: 型が確定する前の SSA 構築 + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 24b](../chapter24b/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 26](../chapter26/README.ja.md) + +この章では、前方参照やループのために型がまだ分からない場合でも、演算と +フィールド参照をグラフに記録します。数値演算のモード、Convert、Guard、 +シンボルによるフィールド位置を使い、型と配置が確定した後に解決します。 +値の Phi と Load は、パーサが与える仮の型の下限を使いません。 + +コンストラクタは前章の方式を維持します。初期化用の呼び出し、非公開の +メモリ、オブジェクトの公開は次の章で扱います。詳しい説明と例は +[英語版](README.md)を参照してください。 + +このディレクトリで `make lib tests CTAGS=` を実行できます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter25/README.md b/docs/chapter25/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1dda8928 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +# Chapter 25: SSA Before Types Are Known + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 24b](../chapter24b/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 26](../chapter26/README.md) + +The previous compiler solved for recursive types and calls, but its parser +still needs types to choose e.g. float-vs-integer arithmetic instructions or +field types. Forward references, external references, or even simple loop +structures can hide what's needed. + +This chapter records the operations first and resolves their type-dependent +parts later. Scalar types, numeric modes, conversions, guards, symbolic +fields, and unbounded value Phis and Loads have to get typed *together*, as +they all have mutually interlocking type dependencies. + + +## A definition can follow its use + +```simple +val add = { Later p -> return p.x + 1; }; +struct Later { flt x; }; +return add(new Later { x = 2.5; }); +``` + +When parsing `p.x + 1`, the compiler knows the receiver's name (type `Later`), +but not its fields! It makes a Load with a symbolic field offset `FldOff` and +an `Add` whose numeric mode is still unset: might be an integer add or a +floating-point add. Later we parse `Later`, which supplies the field and its +storage type. Type propagation then selects floating-point addition and +converts the integer `1` operand. The result is some floating point math +`2.5 + (flt)1`, which folds to `3.5`. + +Forward writes work the same way. Until a field is known, its Store carries +whole memory - it aliases everything until we know what it aliases. Once +resolved, the Store converts its value to the declared field type and updates +that field's alias, which generally will result in a cascade of peepholes +sharpening the memory edges. Resolving the alias preserves the Store's control +input. Update operators such as `x += y` work like `x = x + y`, while evaluating +the destination only once. Storing into a `u8` field may narrow an integer +result; storing into an `f64` field may instead convert it to floating point. + +`FldOff` deserves more mention: it represents a named field reference (Load or +Store) to an incomplete `TypeStruct`. In the example above, that's `p.x`: field +`x` of a `Later` whose fields are not yet declared. The struct can gain more +fields, and the field type itself is still unknown, so +`FldOff` really knows very little about what's going on. It's more of a *shape* +placeholder, and awaits stronger types to peephole into a "real" field +reference. + + +## Values need their own bounds + +The parser always knows when it has *values* vs memory or control, but maybe +not whether something is an int or a flt until much later. Instead it uses +`TypeScalar` for this. `TypeScalar` contains integers, floats, object +pointers, and function pointers. These are classic *values* in the sense that +they represent small concrete things that typically fit in a machine register. +Values exclude control and memory. Scalar bottom says that a value's family is +not known; its top represents an unreachable scalar result. A scalar union can +still be tested for truth, even when its alternatives use different families; +integers, floats, and pointers all carry a notion of zero. + +A scalar Phi now meets its live inputs; it no longer carries a parser-supplied +lower bound. An unfinished loop Phi starts at scalar bottom because its +backedge is missing. Parameters retain their declared interface types, and +memory Phis retain their memory role. Loop Phis, Parms, and recursive CallEnds +still do widening. + + +## Record conversions and branch facts + +The parser ends up inserting `Convert` nodes where it used to directly convert +values. This includes converting integers to match float operators and narrowing +values stored into integer fields. Loads derive their value types from memory; +they no longer impose a parser-supplied bound. A bad load or store still produces +bottom. Type checking looks through a conversion with an already-broken input +so it can report the original error. + +`Convert` records a known destination type, such as a local declaration or +function parameter. It waits for its input type to sharpen, and then peepholes +into a widening, truncation, permission check, or no operation. + +`Guard` records a branch fact: zero/null or nonzero/non-null. Its value family +comes from its input when known. The control edge keeps the fact on the path +where it was proved. A guard output is the same runtime value as its input; it +emits no instruction, just the sharpened type result. Guards are typically +used to track not-null pointer tests across large areas. + +Arithmetic nodes carry a `mode`: a 3-state enum tracking an unset, integer, or +floating-point mode. Known inputs can settle it during peepholes. SCCP +resolves remaining recursive numeric components, then propagates the result +again. Once the mode is known, the machine instruction selection sections will +pick the correct machine ops. + + +## Complete declarations, then update the graph + +```simple +val foo = { A a -> a.b; }; +struct A { B b; }; +``` + +When parsing `foo`, we know that `a` points to an `A`, but not the fields of +`A` or the type of `a.b`. The load records that `A` must have a field named `b`. +Forward shapes (`A`) remain *open* until their declaration, as in prior +chapters. When parsing `struct A` we find `B`, but `B` here is never declared... and +does not need to be. + +After parsing, the compiler *closes* all declarations as a group, including +type cycles (such as a `struct LinkedList` having a `next` field typed as a +`LinkedList`) and references through function signatures. It then replaces old +type shapes in cached node types and stored declarations, preserving pointer +permissions and nullability. Declared types now have their complete field sets. +An undeclared type such as `B` may remain opaque: this example only passes its +pointer around and does not need to allocate a `B` or access its fields. + +Closing declarations does not itself prove the program will type-check. + +At this point `FldOff` can begin to peephole into a `ConFldOff` - moving +from a symbolic field reference of an incomplete type to a concrete +field of a known type. Later, after structures get a *layout*, `ConFldOff` +will become a concrete field offset, a number like `4` or `8`. + + +## The construction boundary + +This snapshot keeps the preceding chapter's constructor model: collect field +values in the constructor scope, check completion, then allocate and initialize. +An unknown expression type is no longer evidence of an unwritten field, so the +completion check follows explicit missing-initialization values through merges. + +Allocation helpers, hidden initializer calls, private self-memory, and explicit +publication belong to the next chapter. Escape discovery, source modules, lazy +class initialization, and serialized ideal IR follow later. These changes use +the existing conservative policy for functions exposed to unknown callers. +Method binding retains the preceding parser's requirement that the owner's +field declaration be known. Forward data fields are resolved here; moving +method and initializer bodies out of that parser scope is construction work. + +## Building and checking + +Run `make lib tests CTAGS=` here, or from the repository root run +`make tests CHAPTERS=chapter25 CTAGS=`. + +`IncompleteTypesTest` exercises a forward field with deferred numeric mode and +a forward store whose byte width must be resolved. The inherited suite covers +recursive objects, null guards, initialization errors, loops, all three code +generators, and native calls. Earlier parse-only graph expectations now show +conversions that disappear after type propagation. diff --git a/docs/chapter25/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter25/examples/A_helloWorld.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..07ff935f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/examples/A_helloWorld.smp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- +sys.io.p("Hello, World!"); +return 0; diff --git a/docs/chapter25/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter25/examples/BubbleSort.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..938e3181 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/examples/BubbleSort.smp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- + +// An implementation of +// https://sampleprograms.io/projects/bubble-sort/ +// +// Bubble sort, with reading (parsing) and writing (formatting) the data. + +val sort = { !sys.aryi64 nums -> + var done = false; + while( !done ) { + done = true; + for( var i = 0; i < nums.len-1; i++ ) + if( nums.buf[i] > nums.buf[i+1] ) { + int tmp = nums.buf[i]; + nums.buf[i] = nums.buf[i+1]; + nums.buf[i+1] = tmp; // Swap + done = false; + } + } +}; + +// Read from stdin a line of the form "[ 4, 3, 2, 1]" and print it sorted. +val main = { -> + // Parse array of numbers from stdin + var nums = sys.parseAryI64( sys.io.stdin() ); + if( !nums ) { + sys.io.p("stdin must look like [4, 3, 2, 1]"); + return 1; + } + + // Bubble sort array of integers + sort(nums); + + // Print a list of numbers to stdout + nums.str().write(1); + return 0; +}; diff --git a/docs/chapter25/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter25/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter25/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter25/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter25/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter25/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter25/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter25/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.68,-549.6C568.33,-539.99 430.36,-514.68 359.64,-501.71"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="360.44,-498.29 349.97,-499.93 359.18,-505.18 360.44,-498.29"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>FLT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="494.51" cy="-492.79" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="478.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="494.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->FLT_TOP --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->FLT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M621.99,-545.5C598.79,-536.09 559.6,-520.19 530.78,-508.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="532.29,-505.34 521.7,-504.82 529.65,-511.82 532.29,-505.34"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR --> +<g id="node22" class="node"> +<title>PTR</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-519.29 614.51,-519.29 614.51,-466.29 668.51,-466.29 668.51,-519.29"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="630.63" y="-498.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-476.49" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTR --> +<g id="edge33" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTR</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-492.79" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->MEM_TOP --> +<g id="edge46" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->MEM_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.51,-549.91C717.64,-540.7 867.72,-515.64 947.33,-502.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="947.77,-505.82 957.06,-500.72 946.62,-498.91 947.77,-505.82"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="node34" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1182.51" cy="-492.79" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1175.01" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 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FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-312.52 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+<g id="edge28" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_32->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M353.13,-183.63C383.19,-163.99 440.9,-126.28 476.61,-102.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="478.34,-105.99 484.79,-97.59 474.51,-100.13 478.34,-105.99"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR0 --> +<g id="node23" class="node"> +<title>PTR0</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-109.25 614.51,-109.25 614.51,-56.25 668.51,-56.25 668.51,-109.25"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="627.63" y="-88.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr?</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-66.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- PTR->PTR0 --> +<g id="edge34" class="edge"> +<title>PTR->PTR0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-466.52C641.51,-396.01 641.51,-202.44 641.51,-120.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-120.58 641.51,-110.58 638.01,-120.58 645.01,-120.58"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR0->BOT --> +<g id="edge35" class="edge"> +<title>PTR0->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-56.46C641.51,-55.58 641.51,-54.7 641.51,-53.81"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-53.9 641.51,-43.9 638.01,-53.9 645.01,-53.9"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S1 --> +<g id="node26" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="741.38,-300.65 663.63,-300.65 663.63,-264.65 741.38,-264.65 741.38,-300.65"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" 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+<g id="edge37" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M742.68,-474.51C735.02,-437.92 717.75,-355.45 708.55,-311.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="712.02,-311 706.54,-301.93 705.17,-312.43 712.02,-311"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S2 --> +<g id="node27" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="841.38,-309.15 755.63,-309.15 755.63,-256.15 841.38,-256.15 841.38,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-301.86" x2="827.67" y2="-285.95" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_1)" stroke="none" points="794.38,-282.65 794.38,-305.15 833.38,-305.15 833.38,-282.65 794.38,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="794.38,-282.65 794.38,-305.15 833.38,-305.15 833.38,-282.65 794.38,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="797.38" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-260.15 763.63,-282.65 794.38,-282.65 794.38,-260.15 763.63,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-260.15 763.63,-282.65 794.38,-282.65 794.38,-260.15 763.63,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_2" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-279.36" x2="827.67" y2="-263.45" > +<stop 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="869.63" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...  </text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_4" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="900.1" y1="-290.61" x2="927.67" y2="-274.7" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_4)" stroke="none" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="897.38" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="863.63,-248.9 863.63,-271.4 894.38,-271.4 894.38,-248.9 863.63,-248.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="863.63,-248.9 863.63,-271.4 894.38,-271.4 894.38,-248.9 863.63,-248.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="866.63" y="-255.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_5" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="900.1" y1="-268.11" x2="927.67" y2="-252.2" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_5)" stroke="none" points="894.38,-248.9 894.38,-271.4 933.38,-271.4 933.38,-248.9 894.38,-248.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="894.38,-248.9 894.38,-271.4 933.38,-271.4 933.38,-248.9 894.38,-248.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="897.38" y="-255.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN --> +<g id="edge39" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" 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stroke="black" points="773.99,-107.42 765.25,-101.44 768.36,-111.57 773.99,-107.42"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="node31" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="975.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="975.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#1</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="edge47" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M996.51,-474.51C992.58,-438.66 983.84,-358.73 978.96,-314.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="982.45,-313.94 977.89,-304.38 975.5,-314.7 982.45,-313.94"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="node32" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1036.51" cy="-282.65" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1036.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> +<title>MEM_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-82.75" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge53" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M958.6,-75.08C887.17,-63.15 738.86,-38.38 673.56,-27.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.3,-24.05 663.86,-25.86 673.15,-30.96 674.3,-24.05"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge50" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M977.84,-262.38C981.92,-226.96 990.35,-153.62 995.09,-112.45"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="998.57,-112.87 996.23,-102.53 991.61,-112.07 998.57,-112.87"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge51" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1033.07,-264.56C1026.49,-229.93 1012.06,-154.01 1004.08,-112.06"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1007.56,-111.6 1002.25,-102.43 1000.68,-112.91 1007.56,-111.6"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_ALIASN --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge52" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1088.37,-264.2C1070.97,-229.07 1032.98,-152.35 1012.41,-110.82"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1015.58,-109.34 1008.01,-101.93 1009.31,-112.45 1015.58,-109.34"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1 --> +<g id="node36" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1185.51,-309.15 1131.51,-309.15 1131.51,-256.15 1185.51,-256.15 1185.51,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1139.76,-282.65 1139.76,-305.15 1177.26,-305.15 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--> +<g id="node37" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1253.51,-320.4 1199.51,-320.4 1199.51,-244.9 1253.51,-244.9 1253.51,-320.4"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1210.76" y="-300.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-255.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2 --> +<g id="edge58" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1186.34,-474.51C1192.95,-442.94 1206.72,-377.19 1216.28,-331.51"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1219.68,-332.35 1218.3,-321.85 1212.83,-330.92 1219.68,-332.35"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN --> +<g id="node38" class="node"> +<title>TUPLEN</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1321.51,-331.65 1267.51,-331.65 1267.51,-233.65 1321.51,-233.65 1321.51,-331.65"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-243.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN --> +<g id="edge59" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1192.06,-474.88C1207.65,-445.62 1239.24,-386.36 1263.24,-341.32"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1266.22,-343.18 1267.83,-332.71 1260.04,-339.88 1266.22,-343.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="node35" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1192.51" cy="-82.75" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1169.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter25/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter25/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter25/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter25/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter25/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="478pt" height="501pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 477.96 500.90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 496.9)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-496.9 473.96,-496.9 473.96,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-463.91" rx="59.04" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-467.11" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-450.61" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->VALH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.15,-434.61C234.93,-429.02 234.85,-423.06 234.9,-417.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-417.69 235.12,-407.61 231.39,-417.52 238.39,-417.69"/> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>INTHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-376.92" rx="37.83" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INTHQ --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INTHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M283.22,-443.83C314.91,-429.81 357.78,-410.83 389.39,-396.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="390.53,-400.16 398.26,-392.92 387.7,-393.76 390.53,-400.16"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRHQ->LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRH_ --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>PTRH_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-289.94" rx="36.77" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.15,-347.62C37.93,-342.03 37.85,-336.07 37.9,-330.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-330.71 38.12,-320.63 34.39,-330.54 41.39,-330.71"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<!-- NILX_ --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>NILX_</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="150.13" cy="-289.94" rx="56.39" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[int,tmp]+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.41,-354.26C82.91,-344.33 97.94,-332.4 111.56,-321.58"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.43,-324.56 119.09,-315.6 109.08,-319.08 113.43,-324.56"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTHQ --> +<!-- VALH_->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M201.21,-359.13C167.78,-344.71 119.68,-323.96 85.33,-309.14"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="87.1,-306.09 76.53,-305.35 84.33,-312.52 87.1,-306.09"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_ --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INTH_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-289.94" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M278.53,-358.93C311.9,-344.16 360.02,-322.86 393.48,-308.05"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="394.67,-311.35 402.4,-304.1 391.84,-304.95 394.67,-311.35"/> +</g> +<!-- NIL__ --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>NIL__</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="324.13" cy="-289.94" rx="62.23" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-276.64" 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d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd3fa232 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# 第24章の文法 + +[English](24-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22867355 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 24 + +English | [日本語](24-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter26/Makefile b/docs/chapter26/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3318ebfd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# 第26章: オブジェクトの構築と非公開メモリ + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.ja.md) + +この章では、フィールドの初期化とコンストラクタを関数として扱います。 +構築中のフィールドはローカルな SSA 値として扱い、分岐やループでは +通常の Phi で合流させます。各初期化関数の出口で通常の Store を生成し、 +フィールドごとの非公開メモリを次の関数に渡します。構築が完了した時点で、 +`EscapeNode` が初期化済みのフィールドを公開メモリに合流させます。 + +パーサーはコンストラクタの出口で、必須フィールドが初期化されていることを確認します。 +この検査は SCCP より前なので、後の解析で安全と分かる呼び出しでも拒否する場合があります。 +構築中の `self` を通常の関数に渡したり、オブジェクトに格納したりする +ことは、この章では禁止します。次のエスケープ解析の章でもこの制限は残ります。 +インライン化後に安全性を確認してヘルパー呼び出しを許す案は、まだ実装していません。 + +未完成のオブジェクトをコンストラクタ内で読むことはできますが、読むフィールドは +すでに初期化されている必要があります。他のフィールドはまだ未設定でも構いません。 +final フィールドも構築中はローカル値として再代入でき、ループでは通常の Phi を使います。 +Store はヘルパーの出口で生成します。構築後の書き換え、通常のローカル `val` への再代入、 +共有する関数宣言の置き換えは禁止します。 +詳細と提案中の規則は [英語版](README.md#helper-calls-and-final-fields-during-construction) を参照してください。 + +モジュール、クラスの遅延初期化、分割コンパイルはまだ導入しません。 +詳しい説明、制限、実行例は [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 + +このディレクトリで `make lib tests CTAGS=` を実行できます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter26/README.md b/docs/chapter26/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4f7310a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +# Chapter 26: Construction and Private Memory + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.md) + + +The previous chapter built SSA before it knew all the types. This chapter uses +that freedom to move object initialization into functions. The new problem is +memory: a constructor must remember what it has written to this object without +mixing those values with every older object of the same type. + +We keep the object private while it is built, then publish its initialized +fields to public memory. No partially-built instance can ever escape (unlike +some languages where the `this` object can escape before final fields are +actually set and final). Finding all the ways an object can escape comes next. + + +## Constructors are calls + +```simple +struct Box { + int x = 7; + int[] data; + new Box = { int n -> + data = new int[2]; + x = n; + data[0] = x + 1; + }; + val get = { -> x + data[0]; }; +}; +val a = new Box(arg); +val b = new Box(arg + 10); +return a.get() * 100 + b.get(); +``` + +For `arg == 2`, this returns `525`. Each call allocates its own `Box` and array. +The declaration `new Box = { ... };` supplies the constructor body. The body +still parses as an anonymous function; `new` marks its role as a constructor. +The expression `new Box(...)` allocates an object and calls it. A constructor +returns *private memory*, not a source-level value. + +The parser creates two helpers for each struct: + +* `Box.<init>` runs the field initializers, in declaration order. +* `Box.<new>` allocates the object, calls `<init>`, calls the user constructor + if there is one, publishes the fields, and returns the pointer. + +The initializer and user constructor receive hidden `self` and `#selfMem` +arguments. *Public* memory still travels through input 1 of calls and returns; +the *private* memory is a separate argument and result. A constructor can allocate +a public array or update an already public object without losing its own field state. + +The old `new Box { ... }` syntax remains an inline construction block. It runs +the field initializers, then its block, then publishes; it does not also call +the named user constructor. Ordinary methods still use public memory. + + +## Fields are local values during construction + +Public memory describes all objects with a given field alias. A public Store +therefore combines the new value with values already in that alias. +E.g. writing `a.x = 3` cannot prove that `b.x` is also 3, so the general `.x` +field alias is usually some form of `BOTTOM`. + +During construction we already know which object each field belongs to, and +the language prevents its partial state from becoming visible. The parser can +therefore keep its fields as local SSA values. Both `x` and `self.x` refer to +the same local slot, although an argument named `x` can shadow the bare name. +An assignment updates that slot; it does not emit a Store. + +Branches merge the values with ordinary Phis. Loops use ordinary loop Phis, +including their existing integer range widening. For example: + +```simple +struct Counter { + val x = 0; + new Counter = { int n -> while (x < n) x++; }; +}; +return new Counter(arg).x; +``` + +The constructor loop carries the value of `x`. It needs no memory Phi and +performs no field Store on each trip. At the constructor exit, the compiler +stores the final value into the new object. This is the result scalar +replacement would give us, built directly from the construction rules. + +Even final data fields can change during construction; they become final when +the constructor finishes. `x = 1; x = 2;` leaves the local value 2 for the exit +Store. In the loop above, `x++` updates a local Phi, not memory. No sequence of +final field Stores needs cleaning up inside the loop. + +A constant default does not make a field shared by every instance: a later +constructor may change it. Inferred field types therefore describe the value's +family, not just its initial constant. Ordinary local `val` bindings remain +final. Shared function declarations are also fixed; a constructor cannot replace +one of those functions. + +Private memory is still useful at the helper boundaries. `NewNode` produces +the pointer and its initial private memory. The hidden initializer computes +defaults as local values and emits ordinary initializing Stores at exit. The +user constructor loads those fields into local slots, computes their final +values, and emits its own exit Stores. Each Store produces one precise alias; +`MemMergeNode` packages the slices for the helper result. `TypeMem` records the +field values across the call, without joining them with older objects. + +```text +New -> <init>: local defaults -> field Stores + -> constructor: local values and Phis -> field Stores + -> publication -> public field aliases +``` + +Constructor signatures are bound at their declarations. Their bodies are +parsed after the struct's field list closes, so even a later-declared field +has a local slot before a branch or loop is built. + +Arrays use the same publication boundary: zero-filled elements and an +initialized length are published before the array is returned. Required +non-null fields have no legal zero default. Reading one before it is written +is an error. + +## Publish only after completion + +`EscapeNode` publishes one field. It consumes control, public memory, private +memory, and `self`; its result joins the field's value into the public alias. +Publication has no machine instruction, but its memory edges keep initializing +Stores before later Loads and Stores. Every field is published independently, +and scheduling may well interleave the initializing writes from many unrelated +allocations and public memory updates. + +Before publication, every required field must be initialized on every live +path. This constructor is rejected: + +```simple +struct Box { + int[] data; + new Box = { int n -> if (n) data = new int[2]; }; +}; +return new Box(arg); +``` + +`int[] data` requires a non-null initial value. If `n` is zero, `data` is never +set. The current parser follows explicit missing-initialization values through +the constructor's merges and checks its exit. This happens before SCCP: even +calling this constructor only with `new Box(1)` does not rescue it. Allowing +later type analysis to prove completion would require deferring this check. + + +## Helper calls and *final* fields during construction + +Constructor code may read the unfinished object, but never an uninitialized +field. Ordinary code must not observe it before construction finishes. + +We would like to allow helper calls when optimization proves they do not expose +the unfinished object. Inlining could turn a helper's field accesses into local +values. After optimization reaches a fixed point, each final field would have +a final Store: before that line, accesses use local values; after it, the field +can be read but never written. Mutable fields can still be written later. + +This is a proposed relaxation, not implemented in this snapshot. The parser +currently rejects passing `self` to an ordinary method before inlining can +prove it safe. For example, we would like this constructor to work: + +```simple +struct Vec { + int _max; + u8[~] !_buf; // Not-null, must be set before reading + + new Vec = { -> + _buf = new u8[1]; + clear(); // Would be safe after inlining; currently rejected + }; + val clear = { -> + // Keep at most 1K of storage in a cleared Vec + if( _buf# > 1024 ) _buf = new u8[1024]; + _max=0; + }; +}; +``` + +## Build and check + +From this directory: + +```bash +make lib tests CTAGS= +``` + +Or from the repository root: + +```bash +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter26 CTAGS= +``` + +`ConstructionTest` exercises constructor calls, independent instances, dynamic +defaults, completion errors, forward fields and methods, private loops, native +execution, and ARM/RISC-V execution. The inherited language, memory, lattice, +and backend suites run alongside it. +`FinalConstructionTest` checks repeated assignments and loops over final fields, +reads through methods, rejection of later writes, and native execution. It also +checks that the loop's field Stores are outside the loop. diff --git a/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..07ff935f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- +sys.io.p("Hello, World!"); +return 0; diff --git a/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..938e3181 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- + +// An implementation of +// https://sampleprograms.io/projects/bubble-sort/ +// +// Bubble sort, with reading (parsing) and writing (formatting) the data. + +val sort = { !sys.aryi64 nums -> + var done = false; + while( !done ) { + done = true; + for( var i = 0; i < nums.len-1; i++ ) + if( nums.buf[i] > nums.buf[i+1] ) { + int tmp = nums.buf[i]; + nums.buf[i] = nums.buf[i+1]; + nums.buf[i+1] = tmp; // Swap + done = false; + } + } +}; + +// Read from stdin a line of the form "[ 4, 3, 2, 1]" and print it sorted. +val main = { -> + // Parse array of numbers from stdin + var nums = sys.parseAryI64( sys.io.stdin() ); + if( !nums ) { + sys.io.p("stdin must look like [4, 3, 2, 1]"); + return 1; + } + + // Bubble sort array of integers + sort(nums); + + // Print a list of numbers to stdout + nums.str().write(1); + return 0; +}; diff --git a/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.68,-549.6C568.33,-539.99 430.36,-514.68 359.64,-501.71"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="360.44,-498.29 349.97,-499.93 359.18,-505.18 360.44,-498.29"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>FLT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="494.51" cy="-492.79" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="478.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="494.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->FLT_TOP --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->FLT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M621.99,-545.5C598.79,-536.09 559.6,-520.19 530.78,-508.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="532.29,-505.34 521.7,-504.82 529.65,-511.82 532.29,-505.34"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR --> +<g id="node22" class="node"> +<title>PTR</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-519.29 614.51,-519.29 614.51,-466.29 668.51,-466.29 668.51,-519.29"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-492.79 623.51,-515.29 659.51,-515.29 659.51,-492.79 623.51,-492.79"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="630.63" y="-498.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-470.29 623.51,-492.79 659.51,-492.79 659.51,-470.29 623.51,-470.29"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-476.49" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTR --> +<g id="edge33" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTR</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-492.79" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->MEM_TOP --> +<g id="edge46" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->MEM_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.51,-549.91C717.64,-540.7 867.72,-515.64 947.33,-502.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="947.77,-505.82 957.06,-500.72 946.62,-498.91 947.77,-505.82"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="node34" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1182.51" cy="-492.79" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1159.26" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1175.01" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 133.91,-170.3 142.42,-164.42"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.27,-167.4 150.5,-158.83 140.29,-161.64 144.27,-167.4"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO->INT_BOT --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>INT_LO->INT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M210.07,-127.29C234.52,-118.37 266.93,-106.56 291.82,-97.49"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="292.71,-100.89 300.91,-94.17 290.31,-94.31 292.71,-100.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="node16" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON64</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="564.51" cy="-282.65" rx="55.33" ry="40.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-294.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">64b consts</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[excludes</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-261.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts]</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-312.52 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+<g id="edge37" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M742.68,-474.51C735.02,-437.92 717.75,-355.45 708.55,-311.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="712.02,-311 706.54,-301.93 705.17,-312.43 712.02,-311"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S2 --> +<g id="node27" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="841.38,-309.15 755.63,-309.15 755.63,-256.15 841.38,-256.15 841.38,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-301.86" x2="827.67" y2="-285.95" > +<stop offset="0" 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="863.63,-271.4 863.63,-293.9 894.38,-293.9 894.38,-271.4 863.63,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="869.63" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">...  </text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_4" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="900.1" y1="-290.61" x2="927.67" y2="-274.7" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_4)" stroke="none" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="894.38,-271.4 894.38,-293.9 933.38,-293.9 933.38,-271.4 894.38,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="897.38" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN --> +<g id="edge39" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" 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+<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> 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MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge51" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1033.07,-264.56C1026.49,-229.93 1012.06,-154.01 1004.08,-112.06"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1007.56,-111.6 1002.25,-102.43 1000.68,-112.91 1007.56,-111.6"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_ALIASN --> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge52" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1088.37,-264.2C1070.97,-229.07 1032.98,-152.35 1012.41,-110.82"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1015.58,-109.34 1008.01,-101.93 1009.31,-112.45 1015.58,-109.34"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1 --> +<g id="node36" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1185.51,-309.15 1131.51,-309.15 1131.51,-256.15 1185.51,-256.15 1185.51,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1139.76,-282.65 1139.76,-305.15 1177.26,-305.15 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--> +<g id="node37" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1253.51,-320.4 1199.51,-320.4 1199.51,-244.9 1253.51,-244.9 1253.51,-320.4"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-293.9 1207.76,-316.4 1245.26,-316.4 1245.26,-293.9 1207.76,-293.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1210.76" y="-300.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-271.4 1207.76,-293.9 1245.26,-293.9 1245.26,-271.4 1207.76,-271.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1207.76,-248.9 1207.76,-271.4 1245.26,-271.4 1245.26,-248.9 1207.76,-248.9"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1214.88" y="-255.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2 --> +<g id="edge58" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1186.34,-474.51C1192.95,-442.94 1206.72,-377.19 1216.28,-331.51"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1219.68,-332.35 1218.3,-321.85 1212.83,-330.92 1219.68,-332.35"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN --> +<g id="node38" class="node"> +<title>TUPLEN</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="1321.51,-331.65 1267.51,-331.65 1267.51,-233.65 1321.51,-233.65 1321.51,-331.65"/> +<polygon fill="pink" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-237.65 1275.76,-260.15 1313.26,-260.15 1313.26,-237.65 1275.76,-237.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-243.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN --> +<g id="edge59" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1192.06,-474.88C1207.65,-445.62 1239.24,-386.36 1263.24,-341.32"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1266.22,-343.18 1267.83,-332.71 1260.04,-339.88 1266.22,-343.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="node35" class="node"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="1192.51" cy="-82.75" rx="42.65" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1169.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="478pt" height="501pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 477.96 500.90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 496.9)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-496.9 473.96,-496.9 473.96,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-463.91" rx="59.04" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-467.11" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-450.61" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->VALH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.15,-434.61C234.93,-429.02 234.85,-423.06 234.9,-417.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-417.69 235.12,-407.61 231.39,-417.52 238.39,-417.69"/> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>INTHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-376.92" rx="37.83" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INTHQ --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INTHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M283.22,-443.83C314.91,-429.81 357.78,-410.83 389.39,-396.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="390.53,-400.16 398.26,-392.92 387.7,-393.76 390.53,-400.16"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRHQ->LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRH_ --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>PTRH_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-289.94" rx="36.77" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.15,-347.62C37.93,-342.03 37.85,-336.07 37.9,-330.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-330.71 38.12,-320.63 34.39,-330.54 41.39,-330.71"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<!-- NILX_ --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>NILX_</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="150.13" cy="-289.94" rx="56.39" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[int,tmp]+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.41,-354.26C82.91,-344.33 97.94,-332.4 111.56,-321.58"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.43,-324.56 119.09,-315.6 109.08,-319.08 113.43,-324.56"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTHQ --> +<!-- VALH_->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M201.21,-359.13C167.78,-344.71 119.68,-323.96 85.33,-309.14"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="87.1,-306.09 76.53,-305.35 84.33,-312.52 87.1,-306.09"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_ --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INTH_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-289.94" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M278.53,-358.93C311.9,-344.16 360.02,-322.86 393.48,-308.05"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="394.67,-311.35 402.4,-304.1 391.84,-304.95 394.67,-311.35"/> +</g> +<!-- NIL__ --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>NIL__</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="324.13" cy="-289.94" rx="62.23" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[+int+tmp],0</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->NIL__ --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->NIL__</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M264.43,-351.34C272.67,-343.01 282.01,-333.55 290.83,-324.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="293.12,-327.3 297.66,-317.72 288.14,-322.38 293.12,-327.3"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_ --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>VALL_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-115.97" rx="39.42" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int,tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->VALL_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-348.1C426.94,-342.37 426.85,-336.25 426.9,-330.21"/> +<polygon 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d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd3fa232 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# 第24章の文法 + +[English](24-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22867355 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/24-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 24 + +English | [日本語](24-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter27/Makefile b/docs/chapter27/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter27/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter27/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c32f4634 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# 第27章: エスケープ解析と未知の呼び出し元 + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 26](../chapter26/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 28a](../chapter28a/README.ja.md) + +この章では、オブジェクトや関数のアドレスが、解析できない外部コードに届くかを追跡します。 +関数のアドレスを既知の関数に渡すだけでは、未知の呼び出し元を残す必要はありません。 +戻り値、メモリ内の参照、ネイティブ呼び出しを通じて公開される場合は、保守的な呼び出し元を残します。 + +メモリの型に関数とフィールド別名の集合を加え、Stop から Start への情報の循環を +SCCP のワークリストで解きます。再帰するコールバックの例では、呼び出しを残したまま +引数の定数を推論できます。構築中のフィールドは、前章と同じローカルな SSA 値です。 + +詳しい説明と実行例は [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 +このディレクトリで `make lib tests CTAGS=` を実行できます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter27/README.md b/docs/chapter27/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..758a7745 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +# Chapter 27: Escape Analysis and Unknown Callers + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 26](../chapter26/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 28a](../chapter28a/README.md) + + +We run a simple form of escape analysis in this chapter, tracking both +functions and some aliases across all calls and memory updates. One of the +goals here is to discover when we've found *all* the callers of a function; at +this point we can drop the conservative "unknown caller" input and run +constant propagation through a function's arguments. + +The preceding compiler kept an unknown caller for every surviving function +address. That was safe, but it lost facts even when all uses stayed within the +program. Escape analysis makes that boundary more precise. + +## A callback that stays within known code + +```simple +val run = { int n -> + val power = { int base, int exponent -> + if (exponent <= 0) return 1; + int smaller = power(base, exponent - 1); + return base * smaller; + }; + val sumPowers = { int n, {int int -> int} f -> + if (n <= 0) return 0; + return f(2,n) + sumPowers(n-1,f); + }; + return sumPowers(n,power); +}; +return run(arg); +``` + +For `arg == 3`, this computes `2 + 4 + 8 == 14`. Both functions are recursive; +their calls remain in the graph. In the prior chapters, the address passed as +`f` keeps an unknown caller for `power`, so `base` stays `i64`. + +Here the compiler follows the address through the arguments and recursive +calls. Neither function returns it, stores it where unknown code can find it, +nor passes it to an unknown callee. Every call to `power` is accounted for. +SCCP can then infer `base == 2`, including in its recursive body. The multiply +by 2 can become a shift without inlining or cloning either recursive body - and +we open ourselves up to further optimizations. + +Passing `power` to an unknown callee, or passing it to a native function, +changes the answer. The external caller may choose another base. The compiler +must retain `power` and give its parameters their declared bounds. + + +## Publishing an object and exposing it to unknown code + +The construction chapter's `EscapeNode` publishes initialized fields into +ordinary public memory. That alone does not expose the completed object to +unknown code; exposure depends on what happens to the `self` pointer. + +Escape analysis starts at the boundary with unknown code. Returning an object +across that boundary exposes its field aliases. An exposed field can contain +another object or a callback, so discovery continues through memory: + +```text +external result -> Wrap.child -> Holder.f -> callback -> unknown caller +``` + +The same rule applies to arguments passed to native code. Native code may keep +an address after the call returns, or use it on a path that never returns. +`Stop` therefore also collects exposure directly from reachable native calls. +A call to a known Simple function instead passes the values and memory to that +function's graph; SCCP follows those uses to determine what escapes. + +This is a conservative analysis by field alias. Two instances of the same +struct share their field aliases. Exposing one may therefore expose addresses +stored in the same fields of another. It does not identify each allocation +separately. + +Another way to think of this: this analysis is what we get "for free" from just +running SCCP. We extend and sharpen the lattice a little more, to allow more +precise tracking. + + +## Memory carries exposure sets + +`TypeMem` now carries two interned sets alongside its contents: + +* `_escFs`: function identities reachable through this memory. +* `_escAs`: field aliases reachable through this memory. + +`XInt`, already used for function sets, represents both. An empty set means no +address has been discovered; a full set is the conservative unknown case. +Meeting summaries unions the sets. Dual types complement them, so the existing +lattice operations and tests still apply. The `XInt` utilities operate directly +on shared, immutable `int[]` arrays; they add no wrapper object. Interning lets +these sets follow the same sharing rules as the rest of the Types. + +Stores record addresses carried by their values. Memory Phis combine those +facts over live paths. `MemMergeNode` gathers the slices whose aliases are +exposed, rather than making every locally stored callback externally callable. +If an exposed field reveals another alias, that slice participates as well. In +short, we follow escaping values through memory using the existing +`Node.compute` and `Type` machinery. + +The hidden constructor helpers still keep fields in local SSA values and use +ordinary Phis. Their private-memory arguments and results describe the object +being built; they are not external returns. Initializing Stores and +publication preserve the address facts when those fields enter ordinary memory. + + + +## Start and Stop close the cycle + +Start represents unknown callers. Stop collects what known code can expose to +them. The two form an analysis cycle: + +```text +Start -> callable functions -> returns and exposed memory -> Stop + ^ | + +---------------- newly exposed addresses ----------------+ +``` + +Before SCCP, parsing and pessimistic iteration keep conservative callers and +memory. During SCCP, functions other than the chosen entry points lose their +unknown-caller edges unless their function pointers escape. Concrete calls +rebuild the known call graph. + +Stop combines the results and memory visible to external callers. Those +callers already hold their object arguments, so writes through such arguments +also count. Start feeds the resulting alias set back into memory summaries. +If a function identity escapes, SCCP restores a Start edge and its conservative +parameter inputs. That function can reveal further addresses through its own +calls and returns. The ordinary worklist repeats until types, exposure sets, +and call edges agree - i.e. the normal SCCP reaches a fixed point. + +An explicit `main`, or one synthesized for a top-level return, starts discovery. +Without one, the code is treated as a library: ordinary named functions outside `sys` +seed the unknown entry points. Module privacy refines this rule in the next +chapter. + +Once SCCP finishes, you might have ordinary public functions callable from +anywhere, or functions called via their name (direct field load holding the +function pointer), or via a function pointer that's only used in a few locations, +or it might escape in a region and get mixed with other function pointers, or +you might never call a function at all. If a function is getting called, but +never from unknown code, its arguments can sharpen across the `meet` of all +call sites, perhaps proving an argument non-null and avoiding explicit tests. + +After optimization, `FinalizeIR` freezes the external summary from `Start/Stop` +and removes the `Stop->Start` edge SCCP uses to track escapes across external +calls. This summary says which functions need unknown callers; it does not +control ELF symbol visibility. The current ELF writer emits every retained +named function as a global symbol. + + +## Construction boundary to review + +The language still prevents a partially built object from escaping. Constructor +fields remain local values until helper exit. Exact local aliases of `self` +can access those values; passing `self` to ordinary code, storing it in an +object, or accessing fields through a merge that may choose another object +remains rejected in this snapshot. + +Discovering that a completed object stays private does not prove that an early +read of an uninitialized field is legal. These are separate checks. The runnable +construction and escape snapshots now make that border available for review. +Neither topic requires the other to be taught first. + +## Build and check + +From this directory, run `make lib tests CTAGS=`. From the repository root, run: + +```bash +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter27 CTAGS= +``` + +`EscapeTest` checks the recursive callback, direct and indirect returned +addresses, and native exposure. The inherited construction, language, memory, +lattice, evaluator, and native/backend suites also run. diff --git a/docs/chapter27/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter27/examples/A_helloWorld.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..07ff935f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/examples/A_helloWorld.smp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- +sys.io.p("Hello, World!"); +return 0; diff --git a/docs/chapter27/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter27/examples/BubbleSort.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..938e3181 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/examples/BubbleSort.smp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- + +// An implementation of +// https://sampleprograms.io/projects/bubble-sort/ +// +// Bubble sort, with reading (parsing) and writing (formatting) the data. + +val sort = { !sys.aryi64 nums -> + var done = false; + while( !done ) { + done = true; + for( var i = 0; i < nums.len-1; i++ ) + if( nums.buf[i] > nums.buf[i+1] ) { + int tmp = nums.buf[i]; + nums.buf[i] = nums.buf[i+1]; + nums.buf[i+1] = tmp; // Swap + done = false; + } + } +}; + +// Read from stdin a line of the form "[ 4, 3, 2, 1]" and print it sorted. +val main = { -> + // Parse array of numbers from stdin + var nums = sys.parseAryI64( sys.io.stdin() ); + if( !nums ) { + sys.io.p("stdin must look like [4, 3, 2, 1]"); + return 1; + } + + // Bubble sort array of integers + sort(nums); + + // Print a list of numbers to stdout + nums.str().write(1); + return 0; +}; diff --git a/docs/chapter27/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter27/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip diff --git a/docs/chapter27/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter27/ifg_trim.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/ifg_trim.pdf diff --git a/docs/chapter27/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter27/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<<B>⊤</B >:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<<B>⊥</B>:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min<max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="green"><FONT color="white">*ptr?</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">struct</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">... </TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">field</TD><TD BGCOLOR="lightblue:green" gradientangle="315">int/ptr</TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<<B>⊤</B >:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<<B>⊥</B>:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0"> + <TH><TD BGCOLOR="pink">Tuple</TD></TH> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">...</FONT></TD></TR> + <TR><TD BGCOLOR="black" ><FONT color="white">type</FONT></TD></TR> + </TABLE> + >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter27/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter27/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="1330pt" height="584pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 1329.51 583.54" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 579.54)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-579.54 1325.51,-579.54 1325.51,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-554.42" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-549.99" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊤</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>XCTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="36.51" cy="-492.79" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="17.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="33.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->XCTRL --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->XCTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M620.33,-551.33C533.82,-542.8 206.01,-510.5 83.28,-498.4"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="83.86,-494.94 73.56,-497.44 83.17,-501.91 83.86,-494.94"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP --> +<g id="node5" class="node"> +<title>INT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="316.51" cy="-492.79" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="299.63" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="315.38" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INT_TOP --> +<g id="edge4" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INT_TOP</title> 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d="M641.51,-532.9C641.51,-532.06 641.51,-531.22 641.51,-530.37"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-530.61 641.51,-520.61 638.01,-530.61 645.01,-530.61"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="node24" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="746.51" cy="-492.79" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="721.76" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊤</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="737.51" y="-488.74" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->STRUCT_TOP --> +<g id="edge36" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->STRUCT_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M659.8,-543.03C674.04,-534.94 694.24,-523.47 711.55,-513.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="713.07,-516.81 720.03,-508.83 709.61,-510.72 713.07,-516.81"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP --> +<g id="node29" class="node"> +<title>MEM_TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" 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New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->TUPLE_TOP --> +<g id="edge56" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->TUPLE_TOP</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M662.72,-551.08C740.91,-542.46 1014.51,-512.31 1130.21,-499.56"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1130.5,-503.05 1140.05,-498.47 1129.73,-496.09 1130.5,-503.05"/> +</g> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="641.51" cy="-21.12" rx="21.12" ry="21.12"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="633.63" y="-16.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +</g> +<!-- CTRL --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>CTRL</title> +<ellipse fill="yellow" stroke="black" cx="49.51" cy="-82.75" rx="36.51" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="30.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="46.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:ctrl</text> +</g> +<!-- XCTRL->CTRL --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>XCTRL->CTRL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M37.09,-474.38C39.15,-409.6 46.05,-191.88 48.57,-112.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="52.06,-112.73 48.88,-102.63 45.06,-112.51 52.06,-112.73"/> +</g> +<!-- CTRL->BOT --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>CTRL->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M85.21,-78.15C191.74,-67.42 506.36,-35.74 608.84,-25.41"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.15,-28.9 618.75,-24.42 608.45,-21.94 609.15,-28.9"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INT_HI</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-434.29" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-429.24" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min>max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_TOP->INT_HI --> +<g id="edge5" class="edge"> +<title>INT_TOP->INT_HI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M289.8,-481.17C269.89,-473.25 242.26,-462.25 219.03,-453.01"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="220.37,-449.77 209.78,-449.33 217.78,-456.28 220.37,-449.77"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="329.51" cy="-82.75" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="312.63" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="328.38" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:int</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M361.14,-75.7C420.84,-64.3 549.47,-39.71 609.47,-28.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="609.86,-31.73 619.03,-26.42 608.55,-24.86 609.86,-31.73"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>INT_XBOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-373.97" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[1...0]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_XBOOL --> +<g id="edge6" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_XBOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M153.47,-417.36C144.79,-410.78 134.6,-403.06 125.31,-396.03"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="127.71,-393.46 117.63,-390.21 123.48,-399.04 127.71,-393.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-282.65" rx="45.21" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">constants</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_HI->INT_CON --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>INT_HI->INT_CON</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-416C174.51,-390.27 174.51,-343.1 174.51,-312.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-312.52 174.51,-302.52 171.01,-312.52 178.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0 --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="47.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="47.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M88.34,-356.59C80.82,-343.17 70.07,-323.96 61.49,-308.62"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="64.63,-307.08 56.69,-300.06 58.53,-310.5 64.63,-307.08"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1 --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INT_CON1</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">1</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-355.75C97.51,-343.47 97.51,-326.68 97.51,-312.39"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-312.64 97.51,-302.64 94.01,-312.64 101.01,-312.64"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>INT_LO</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="174.51" cy="-141.25" rx="53.91" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="174.51" y="-136.2" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[min<max]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M174.51,-264.17C174.51,-240.45 174.51,-199.04 174.51,-170.9"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="178.01,-171.25 174.51,-161.25 171.01,-171.25 178.01,-171.25"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_CON1 --> +<!-- INT_BOOL --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>INT_BOOL</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="97.51" cy="-196.45" rx="33.95" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="97.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[0...1]</text> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON0->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON0->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M56.45,-266.6C63.5,-254.72 73.51,-237.87 81.88,-223.77"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="84.75,-225.79 86.85,-215.41 78.73,-222.22 84.75,-225.79"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_CON --> +<!-- INT_CON1->INT_BOOL --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INT_CON1->INT_BOOL</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M97.51,-264.21C97.51,-253.25 97.51,-238.87 97.51,-226.25"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="101.01,-226.39 97.51,-216.39 94.01,-226.39 101.01,-226.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_BOOL->INT_LO --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>INT_BOOL->INT_LO</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M117.34,-181.75C124.98,-176.47 133.91,-170.3 142.42,-164.42"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="144.27,-167.4 150.5,-158.83 140.29,-161.64 144.27,-167.4"/> +</g> +<!-- INT_LO->INT_BOT --> +<g id="edge14" class="edge"> +<title>INT_LO->INT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M210.07,-127.29C234.52,-118.37 266.93,-106.56 291.82,-97.49"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="292.71,-100.89 300.91,-94.17 290.31,-94.31 292.71,-100.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="node16" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON64</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="564.51" cy="-282.65" rx="55.33" ry="40.66"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-294.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">64b consts</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[excludes</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="564.51" y="-261.1" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts]</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M500.48,-474.88C510.8,-443.88 532.35,-379.2 547.59,-333.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="550.9,-334.57 550.74,-323.98 544.26,-332.36 550.9,-334.57"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="node18" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CONPI</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="446.51" cy="-282.65" rx="48.79" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="446.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">3.14159...</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M490.33,-474.51C482.02,-438.11 463.32,-356.27 453.25,-312.16"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="456.69,-311.49 451.05,-302.52 449.86,-313.04 456.69,-311.49"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32 --> +<g id="node19" class="node"> +<title>FLT_X32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-373.97" rx="28.32" ry="28.32"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-368.92" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_TOP->FLT_X32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M474.77,-478.22C447.56,-458.14 398.22,-421.73 365.65,-397.69"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="367.88,-394.99 357.75,-391.86 363.72,-400.62 367.88,-394.99"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>FLT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="507.51" cy="-82.75" rx="32.41" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="491.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="507.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:flt</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge29" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M532.4,-70.67C554.98,-60.63 588.29,-45.81 612.16,-35.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="613.29,-38.51 621,-31.25 610.44,-32.12 613.29,-38.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M553.11,-242.68C542.05,-203.88 525.53,-145.95 515.71,-111.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="519.17,-110.89 513.06,-102.23 512.44,-112.81 519.17,-110.89"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="node17" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-282.65" rx="50.33" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">32b consts</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_CONPI --> +<!-- FLT_32 --> +<g id="node21" class="node"> +<title>FLT_32</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="333.51" cy="-196.45" rx="23.2" ry="23.2"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="333.51" y="-191.4" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">f32</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON32->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON32->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-264.21C333.51,-254.7 333.51,-242.59 333.51,-231.31"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-231.51 333.51,-221.51 330.01,-231.51 337.01,-231.51"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M452.03,-264.56C462.62,-229.86 485.86,-153.69 498.65,-111.79"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="501.94,-112.98 501.51,-102.39 495.25,-110.93 501.94,-112.98"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CONPI->FLT_CON64 --> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 --> +<g id="edge25" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M333.51,-345.2C333.51,-334.71 333.51,-322.76 333.51,-312.19"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="337.01,-312.52 333.51,-302.52 330.01,-312.53 337.01,-312.52"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON0 --> +<g id="node20" class="node"> +<title>FLT_CON0</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="251.51" cy="-282.65" rx="18.08" ry="18.08"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="251.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">0.</text> +</g> +<!-- FLT_X32->FLT_CON0 --> +<g id="edge24" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_X32->FLT_CON0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M314.9,-352.7C301.83,-338.47 284.38,-319.46 271.1,-304.99"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="273.81,-302.77 264.47,-297.77 268.65,-307.5 273.81,-302.77"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_CON0->FLT_CON32 --> +<!-- FLT_CON0->FLT_32 --> +<g id="edge26" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_CON0->FLT_32</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M263.96,-268.86C276.06,-256.44 294.74,-237.26 309.69,-221.91"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="312.03,-224.53 316.5,-214.92 307.01,-219.64 312.03,-224.53"/> +</g> +<!-- FLT_32->FLT_BOT --> +<g id="edge28" class="edge"> +<title>FLT_32->FLT_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M353.13,-183.63C383.19,-163.99 440.9,-126.28 476.61,-102.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="478.34,-105.99 484.79,-97.59 474.51,-100.13 478.34,-105.99"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR0 --> +<g id="node23" class="node"> +<title>PTR0</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="668.51,-109.25 614.51,-109.25 614.51,-56.25 668.51,-56.25 668.51,-109.25"/> +<polygon fill="green" stroke="none" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-82.75 623.51,-105.25 659.51,-105.25 659.51,-82.75 623.51,-82.75"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="627.63" y="-88.95" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">*ptr?</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="623.51,-60.25 623.51,-82.75 659.51,-82.75 659.51,-60.25 623.51,-60.25"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="626.51" y="-66.45" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">struct</text> +</g> +<!-- PTR->PTR0 --> +<g id="edge34" class="edge"> +<title>PTR->PTR0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-466.52C641.51,-396.01 641.51,-202.44 641.51,-120.34"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-120.58 641.51,-110.58 638.01,-120.58 645.01,-120.58"/> +</g> +<!-- PTR0->BOT --> +<g id="edge35" class="edge"> +<title>PTR0->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M641.51,-56.46C641.51,-55.58 641.51,-54.7 641.51,-53.81"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="645.01,-53.9 641.51,-43.9 638.01,-53.9 645.01,-53.9"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S1 --> +<g id="node26" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S1</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="741.38,-300.65 663.63,-300.65 663.63,-264.65 741.38,-264.65 741.38,-300.65"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="671.63,-273.4 671.63,-291.9 698.38,-291.9 698.38,-273.4 671.63,-273.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="671.63,-273.4 671.63,-291.9 698.38,-291.9 698.38,-273.4 671.63,-273.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="672.63" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_0" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="703.51" y1="-289.19" x2="728.26" y2="-276.11" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_0)" stroke="none" points="698.38,-273.4 698.38,-291.9 733.38,-291.9 733.38,-273.4 698.38,-273.4"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="698.38,-273.4 698.38,-291.9 733.38,-291.9 733.38,-273.4 698.38,-273.4"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="699.38" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1 --> +<g id="edge37" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M742.68,-474.51C735.02,-437.92 717.75,-355.45 708.55,-311.5"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="712.02,-311 706.54,-301.93 705.17,-312.43 712.02,-311"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_S2 --> +<g id="node27" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_S2</title> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="none" points="841.38,-309.15 755.63,-309.15 755.63,-256.15 841.38,-256.15 841.38,-309.15"/> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-282.65 763.63,-305.15 794.38,-305.15 794.38,-282.65 763.63,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-301.86" x2="827.67" y2="-285.95" > +<stop offset="0" style="stop-color:lightblue;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +<stop offset="1" style="stop-color:green;stop-opacity:1.;"/> +</linearGradient> +</defs> +<polygon fill="url(#l_1)" stroke="none" points="794.38,-282.65 794.38,-305.15 833.38,-305.15 833.38,-282.65 794.38,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="794.38,-282.65 794.38,-305.15 833.38,-305.15 833.38,-282.65 794.38,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="797.38" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +<polygon fill="lightgreen" stroke="none" points="763.63,-260.15 763.63,-282.65 794.38,-282.65 794.38,-260.15 763.63,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="763.63,-260.15 763.63,-282.65 794.38,-282.65 794.38,-260.15 763.63,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="766.63" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">field</text> +<defs> +<linearGradient id="l_2" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="800.1" y1="-279.36" x2="827.67" y2="-263.45" > +<stop 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font-size="14.00">int/ptr</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN --> +<g id="edge39" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M759.21,-475.24C782.17,-443.49 831.3,-375.56 864.63,-329.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="867.37,-331.67 870.4,-321.52 861.7,-327.57 867.37,-331.67"/> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT --> +<g id="node25" class="node"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="lightgreen" stroke="black" cx="751.51" cy="-82.75" rx="44.7" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="726.76" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="742.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:struct</text> +</g> +<!-- STRUCT_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge43" class="edge"> +<title>STRUCT_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M725.72,-67.77C709,-58.7 687.2,-46.89 669.97,-37.55"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" 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stroke="black" points="773.99,-107.42 765.25,-101.44 768.36,-111.57 773.99,-107.42"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="node31" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="975.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="975.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#1</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 --> +<g id="edge47" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M996.51,-474.51C992.58,-438.66 983.84,-358.73 978.96,-314.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="982.45,-313.94 977.89,-304.38 975.5,-314.7 982.45,-313.94"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="node32" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1036.51" cy="-282.65" rx="27" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1036.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS --> +<g id="edge48" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1001.81,-474.51C1008.41,-438.02 1023.27,-355.86 1031.23,-311.83"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1034.63,-312.69 1032.97,-302.23 1027.74,-311.45 1034.63,-312.69"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="node33" class="node"> +<title>MEM_ALIASN</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="1097.51" cy="-282.65" rx="20.13" ry="20.13"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="1097.51" y="-277.6" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">#n</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN --> +<g id="edge49" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1006.95,-474.88C1024.11,-438.46 1063.18,-355.52 1083.95,-311.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1087.07,-313.03 1088.16,-302.49 1080.73,-310.05 1087.07,-313.03"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT --> +<g id="node30" class="node"> +<title>MEM_BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="blue" stroke="black" cx="998.51" cy="-82.75" rx="43.67" ry="18"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="974.51" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-weight="bold" font-size="14.00" fill="white">⊥</text> +<text text-anchor="start" x="990.26" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">:mem</text> +</g> +<!-- MEM_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge53" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M958.6,-75.08C887.17,-63.15 738.86,-38.38 673.56,-27.48"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.3,-24.05 663.86,-25.86 673.15,-30.96 674.3,-24.05"/> +</g> +<!-- MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT --> +<g id="edge50" class="edge"> +<title>MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M977.84,-262.38C981.92,-226.96 990.35,-153.62 995.09,-112.45"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="998.57,-112.87 996.23,-102.53 991.61,-112.07 998.57,-112.87"/> +</g> +<!-- 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points="1275.76,-305.15 1275.76,-327.65 1313.26,-327.65 1313.26,-305.15 1275.76,-305.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1278.76" y="-311.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">Tuple</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-282.65 1275.76,-305.15 1313.26,-305.15 1313.26,-282.65 1275.76,-282.65"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1282.88" y="-288.85" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">type</text> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="none" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<polygon fill="none" stroke="black" points="1275.76,-260.15 1275.76,-282.65 1313.26,-282.65 1313.26,-260.15 1275.76,-260.15"/> +<text text-anchor="start" x="1288.88" y="-266.35" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">...</text> +<polygon 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text-anchor="start" x="1185.01" y="-78.7" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">:tuple</text> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE_BOT->BOT --> +<g id="edge63" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE_BOT->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1151.54,-77.32C1046.53,-65.95 769.32,-35.95 674.14,-25.65"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="674.52,-22.18 664.2,-24.58 673.77,-29.14 674.52,-22.18"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge60" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1162.95,-256.52C1169.28,-219.3 1180.86,-151.25 1187.49,-112.26"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1190.9,-113.1 1189.12,-102.66 1184,-111.93 1190.9,-113.1"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge61" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1220.11,-245.05C1213.55,-206.44 1203.46,-147.16 1197.47,-111.94"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1200.99,-111.74 1195.86,-102.47 1194.09,-112.92 1200.99,-111.74"/> +</g> +<!-- TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT --> +<g id="edge62" class="edge"> +<title>TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M1269.56,-233.75C1249.85,-195.12 1223.04,-142.58 1206.8,-110.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="1210.07,-109.46 1202.41,-102.15 1203.83,-112.65 1210.07,-109.46"/> +</g> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/docs/chapter27/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter27/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter27/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter27/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter27/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 12.2.0 (20241103.1931) + --> +<!-- Title: Lattice Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="478pt" height="501pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 477.96 500.90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> +<g id="graph0" class="graph" transform="scale(1 1) rotate(0) translate(4 496.9)"> +<title>Lattice</title> +<polygon fill="white" stroke="none" points="-4,4 -4,-496.9 473.96,-496.9 473.96,4 -4,4"/> +<!-- TOP --> +<g id="node1" class="node"> +<title>TOP</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-463.91" rx="59.04" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-467.11" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-450.61" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+int+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ --> +<g id="node2" class="node"> +<title>PTRHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-376.92" rx="43.13" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->PTRHQ --> +<g id="edge1" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->PTRHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M196.41,-444.04C164.74,-430.38 121.99,-411.94 89.68,-398"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="91.11,-394.81 80.55,-394.06 88.34,-401.24 91.11,-394.81"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_ --> +<g id="node3" class="node"> +<title>VALH_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-376.92" rx="48.44" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<g id="edge2" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->VALH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.15,-434.61C234.93,-429.02 234.85,-423.06 234.9,-417.18"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-417.69 235.12,-407.61 231.39,-417.52 238.39,-417.69"/> +</g> +<!-- TOP->VALH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ --> +<g id="node4" class="node"> +<title>INTHQ</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-376.92" rx="37.83" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-380.12" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-363.62" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int+0</text> +</g> +<!-- TOP->INTHQ --> +<g id="edge3" class="edge"> +<title>TOP->INTHQ</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M283.22,-443.83C314.91,-429.81 357.78,-410.83 389.39,-396.84"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="390.53,-400.16 398.26,-392.92 387.7,-393.76 390.53,-400.16"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRHQ->LEFTHI --> +<!-- PTRH_ --> +<g id="node6" class="node"> +<title>PTRH_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-289.94" rx="36.77" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">~ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">+tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge8" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.15,-347.62C37.93,-342.03 37.85,-336.07 37.9,-330.2"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-330.71 38.12,-320.63 34.39,-330.54 41.39,-330.71"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->PTRH_ --> +<!-- NILX_ --> +<g id="node8" class="node"> +<title>NILX_</title> +<ellipse fill="aqua" stroke="black" cx="150.13" cy="-289.94" rx="56.39" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="150.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[int,tmp]+0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge12" class="edge"> +<title>PTRHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M70.41,-354.26C82.91,-344.33 97.94,-332.4 111.56,-321.58"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="113.43,-324.56 119.09,-315.6 109.08,-319.08 113.43,-324.56"/> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTHQ --> +<!-- VALH_->PTRH_ --> +<g id="edge7" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->PTRH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M201.21,-359.13C167.78,-344.71 119.68,-323.96 85.33,-309.14"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="87.1,-306.09 76.53,-305.35 84.33,-312.52 87.1,-306.09"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_ --> +<g id="node7" class="node"> +<title>INTH_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-289.94" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">~nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">+int</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge9" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M278.53,-358.93C311.9,-344.16 360.02,-322.86 393.48,-308.05"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="394.67,-311.35 402.4,-304.1 391.84,-304.95 394.67,-311.35"/> +</g> +<!-- NIL__ --> +<g id="node9" class="node"> +<title>NIL__</title> +<ellipse fill="pink" stroke="black" cx="324.13" cy="-289.94" rx="62.23" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-293.14" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nil</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="324.13" y="-276.64" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">[+int+tmp],0</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->NIL__ --> +<g id="edge13" class="edge"> +<title>VALH_->NIL__</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M264.43,-351.34C272.67,-343.01 282.01,-333.55 290.83,-324.64"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="293.12,-327.3 297.66,-317.72 288.14,-322.38 293.12,-327.3"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_ --> +<g id="node13" class="node"> +<title>VALL_</title> +<ellipse fill="white" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-115.97" rx="39.42" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nscalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int,tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- VALH_->VALL_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<g id="edge10" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->INTH_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-348.1C426.94,-342.37 426.85,-336.25 426.9,-330.21"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="430.39,-330.42 427.13,-320.34 423.39,-330.26 430.39,-330.42"/> +</g> +<!-- INTHQ->INTH_ --> +<!-- INTHQ->NILX_ --> +<g id="edge11" class="edge"> +<title>INTHQ->NILX_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M396.99,-365.33C350,-351.17 266.03,-325.87 209.23,-308.75"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="210.28,-305.41 199.69,-305.88 208.26,-312.11 210.28,-305.41"/> +</g> +<!-- LEFTHI->VALH_ --> +<!-- LEFTHI->NILX_ --> +<!-- PTRL_ --> +<g id="node10" class="node"> +<title>PTRL_</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-202.96" rx="31.47" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-206.16" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">ntmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-189.66" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">tmp</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRH_->PTRL_ --> +<g id="edge15" class="edge"> +<title>PTRH_->PTRL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.17,-261.11C37.94,-255.39 37.85,-249.26 37.9,-243.22"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-243.44 38.13,-233.36 34.39,-243.27 41.39,-243.44"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRH_->PTRL_ --> +<!-- INTL_ --> +<g id="node11" class="node"> +<title>INTL_</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-202.96" rx="27" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-206.16" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">nint</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-189.66" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int</text> +</g> +<!-- INTH_->INTL_ --> +<g id="edge16" class="edge"> +<title>INTH_->INTL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-261.11C426.94,-255.39 426.85,-249.26 426.9,-243.22"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="430.39,-243.44 427.13,-233.36 423.39,-243.27 430.39,-243.44"/> +</g> +<!-- INTH_->INTL_ --> +<!-- NILX_->NIL__ --> +<!-- NILX_->VALL_ --> +<g id="edge21" class="edge"> +<title>NILX_->VALL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M164.79,-261.6C180.03,-232.15 203.95,-185.91 220.74,-153.45"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="223.74,-155.27 225.23,-144.78 217.53,-152.06 223.74,-155.27"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRL0 --> +<g id="node12" class="node"> +<title>PTRL0</title> +<ellipse fill="green" stroke="black" cx="43.13" cy="-115.97" rx="34.12" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">tmp</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="43.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">tmp,0</text> +</g> +<!-- NIL__->PTRL0 --> +<g id="edge18" class="edge"> +<title>NIL__->PTRL0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M286.24,-266.48C232.36,-233.13 134.24,-172.38 80.6,-139.17"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="82.76,-136.39 72.41,-134.1 79.07,-142.34 82.76,-136.39"/> +</g> +<!-- INTL0 --> +<g id="node14" class="node"> +<title>INTL0</title> +<ellipse fill="lightblue" stroke="black" cx="432.13" cy="-115.97" rx="28.81" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-119.17" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="432.13" y="-102.67" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00">int,0</text> +</g> +<!-- NIL__->INTL0 --> +<g id="edge23" class="edge"> +<title>NIL__->INTL0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M341.49,-261.99C360.34,-231.61 390.49,-183.05 410.79,-150.35"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="413.65,-152.38 415.95,-142.04 407.7,-148.69 413.65,-152.38"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRL_->PTRL0 --> +<g id="edge17" class="edge"> +<title>PTRL_->PTRL0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M38.17,-174.13C37.94,-168.47 37.85,-162.41 37.9,-156.43"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="41.39,-156.75 38.12,-146.67 34.39,-156.58 41.39,-156.75"/> +</g> +<!-- PTRL_->PTRL0 --> +<!-- PTRL_->VALL_ --> +<g id="edge19" class="edge"> +<title>PTRL_->VALL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M71.36,-189.78C103.94,-175.73 157.92,-152.44 196.04,-135.99"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="197.16,-139.32 204.96,-132.15 194.39,-132.9 197.16,-139.32"/> +</g> +<!-- INTL_->VALL_ --> +<g id="edge20" class="edge"> +<title>INTL_->VALL_</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M407.43,-191.02C376.23,-177.21 322.01,-153.22 283.77,-136.29"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="285.39,-133.18 274.83,-132.33 282.55,-139.58 285.39,-133.18"/> +</g> +<!-- INTL_->INTL0 --> +<g id="edge22" class="edge"> +<title>INTL_->INTL0</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M427.17,-174.13C426.94,-168.41 426.85,-162.28 426.9,-156.24"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="430.39,-156.46 427.13,-146.38 423.39,-156.29 430.39,-156.46"/> +</g> +<!-- INTL_->INTL0 --> +<!-- PTRL0->VALL_ --> +<!-- BOT --> +<g id="node15" class="node"> +<title>BOT</title> +<ellipse fill="black" stroke="black" cx="240.13" cy="-28.99" rx="46.85" ry="28.99"/> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-32.19" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">scalar</text> +<text text-anchor="middle" x="240.13" y="-15.69" font-family="Times New Roman,serif" font-size="14.00" fill="white">int,tmp,0</text> +</g> +<!-- PTRL0->BOT --> +<g id="edge26" class="edge"> +<title>PTRL0->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M73.48,-101.88C105.02,-88.28 154.83,-66.79 191.79,-50.85"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="193.14,-54.08 200.94,-46.9 190.37,-47.65 193.14,-54.08"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_->INTL0 --> +<!-- VALL_->BOT --> +<g id="edge28" class="edge"> +<title>VALL_->BOT</title> +<path fill="none" stroke="black" d="M235.17,-87.15C234.94,-81.48 234.85,-75.42 234.9,-69.44"/> +<polygon fill="black" stroke="black" points="238.39,-69.76 235.12,-59.68 231.39,-69.6 238.39,-69.76"/> +</g> +<!-- VALL_->BOT --> +<!-- INTL0->BOT --> +<g id="edge27" class="edge"> 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Http(j){this.cID=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);this.webtcp=j;this.webtcp.httpClients[this.cID]=this;this.createPacket=function(){return{cID:this.cID,type:"http",host:this.remoteAddress,port:this.remotePort,method:null,data:null}};this.ondata=function(){};this.get=function(g,c){this.on("data",c);this.rpc("httpGet",[g])};this.post=function(g,c,j){this.on("data",j);this.rpc("httpPost",[g,c])}}Http.prototype=new WebTCPIO;function Socket(j,g,c,p){this.sID=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);this.webtcp=j;this.closed=this.ready=!1;this.options=p;this.sockOpts={_updating:!1};this.remoteAddress=g;this.remotePort=c;this.webtcp.sockets[this.sID]=this;this.createPacket=function(){return{id:Math.random().toString(36).substr(2),sID:this.sID,type:"tcp",options:this.options,host:this.remoteAddress,port:this.remotePort,data:null}};this.onconnect=function(){this.webtcp.sockets[sID].ready=!0;this.webtcp.sockets[sID].closed=!1}; 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d=this;if(d.readyState!==e.CONNECTING&& +d.readyState!==e.OPEN&&d.readyState!==e.CLOSING)throw Error("INVALID_STATE_ERR");d._ir&&(d._ir.nuke(),d._ir=null);d._transport&&(d._transport.doCleanup(),d._transport=null);var h=new n("close",{code:a,reason:b,wasClean:c.userSetCode(a)});if(!c.userSetCode(a)&&d.readyState===e.CONNECTING&&!f){if(d._try_next_protocol(h))return;h=new n("close",{code:2E3,reason:"All transports failed",wasClean:!1,last_event:h})}d.readyState=e.CLOSED;c.delay(function(){d.dispatchEvent(h)})};e.prototype._didMessage=function(a){switch(a.slice(0, +1)){case "o":this._dispatchOpen();break;case "a":for(var a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"[]"),b=0;b<a.length;b++)this._dispatchMessage(a[b]);break;case "m":a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"null");this._dispatchMessage(a);break;case "c":a=JSON.parse(a.slice(1)||"[]");this._didClose(a[0],a[1]);break;case "h":this._dispatchHeartbeat()}};e.prototype._try_next_protocol=function(a){var b=this;b.protocol&&(b._debug("Closed transport:",b.protocol,""+a),b.protocol=null);for(b._transport_tref&&(clearTimeout(b._transport_tref), +b._transport_tref=null);;){a=b.protocol=b._protocols.shift();if(!a)return!1;if(e[a]&&!0===e[a].need_body&&(!j.body||"undefined"!=typeof j.readyState&&"complete"!==j.readyState))return b._protocols.unshift(a),b.protocol="waiting-for-load",c.attachEvent("load",function(){b._try_next_protocol()}),!0;if(e[a]&&e[a].enabled(b._options)){b._transport_tref=c.delay((b._options.rto||0)*(e[a].roundTrips||1)||5E3,function(){b.readyState===e.CONNECTING&&b._didClose(2007,"Transport timeouted")});var f=c.random_string(8), +f=b._base_url+"/"+b._server+"/"+f;return b._debug("Opening transport:",a," url:"+f," RTO:"+b._options.rto),b._transport=new e[a](b,f,b._base_url),!0}b._debug("Skipping transport:",a)}};e.prototype.close=function(a,b){if(a&&!c.userSetCode(a))throw Error("INVALID_ACCESS_ERR");return this.readyState!==e.CONNECTING&&this.readyState!==e.OPEN?!1:(this.readyState=e.CLOSING,this._didClose(a||1E3,b||"Normal closure"),!0)};e.prototype.send=function(a){if(this.readyState===e.CONNECTING)throw Error("INVALID_STATE_ERR"); +return this.readyState===e.OPEN&&this._transport.doSend(c.quote(""+a)),!0};e.prototype._applyInfo=function(a,b,f){this._options.info=a;this._options.rtt=b;this._options.rto=c.countRTO(b);this._options.info.null_origin=!j.domain;b=c.probeProtocols();this._protocols=c.detectProtocols(b,f,a)};i=e.websocket=function(a,b){var f=this,d=b+"/websocket";"https"===d.slice(0,5)?d="wss"+d.slice(5):d="ws"+d.slice(4);f.ri=a;f.url=d;f.ws=new (g.WebSocket||g.MozWebSocket)(f.url);f.ws.onmessage=function(a){f.ri._didMessage(a.data)}; +f.unload_ref=c.unload_add(function(){f.ws.close()});f.ws.onclose=function(){f.ri._didMessage(c.closeFrame(1006,"WebSocket connection broken"))}};i.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.ws.send("["+a+"]")};i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){var a=this.ws;a&&(a.onmessage=a.onclose=null,a.close(),c.unload_del(this.unload_ref),this.unload_ref=this.ri=this.ws=null)};i.enabled=function(){return!!g.WebSocket||!!g.MozWebSocket};i.roundTrips=2;var l=function(){};l.prototype.send_constructor=function(a){this.send_buffer= +[];this.sender=a};l.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.send_buffer.push(a);this.send_stop||this.send_schedule()};l.prototype.send_schedule_wait=function(){var a=this,b;a.send_stop=function(){a.send_stop=null;clearTimeout(b)};b=c.delay(25,function(){a.send_stop=null;a.send_schedule()})};l.prototype.send_schedule=function(){var a=this;if(0<a.send_buffer.length){var b="["+a.send_buffer.join(",")+"]";a.send_stop=a.sender(a.trans_url,b,function(){a.send_stop=null;a.send_schedule_wait()});a.send_buffer= +[]}};l.prototype.send_destructor=function(){this._send_stop&&this._send_stop();this._send_stop=null};var O=function(a,b,f){if(!("_send_form"in this)){var d=this._send_form=j.createElement("form"),h=this._send_area=j.createElement("textarea");h.name="d";d.style.display="none";d.style.position="absolute";d.method="POST";d.enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";d.acceptCharset="UTF-8";d.appendChild(h);j.body.appendChild(d)}var d=this._send_form,h=this._send_area,g="a"+c.random_string(8);d.target= +g;d.action=a+"/jsonp_send?i="+g;var e;try{e=j.createElement('<iframe name="'+g+'">')}catch(i){e=j.createElement("iframe"),e.name=g}e.id=g;d.appendChild(e);e.style.display="none";try{h.value=b}catch(k){c.log("Your browser is seriously broken. Go home! "+k.message)}d.submit();var l=function(){e.onerror&&(e.onreadystatechange=e.onerror=e.onload=null,c.delay(500,function(){e.parentNode.removeChild(e);e=null}),h.value="",f())};return e.onerror=e.onload=l,e.onreadystatechange=function(){"complete"==e.readyState&& +l()},l},P=function(a){return function(b,c,d){return(new a("POST",b+"/xhr_send",c)).onfinish=function(a){d(a)},function(a){d(0,a)}}},i=e["jsonp-polling"]=function(a,b){c.polluteGlobalNamespace();this.ri=a;this.trans_url=b;this.send_constructor(O);this._schedule_recv()};i.prototype=new l;i.prototype._schedule_recv=function(){var a=this,b=a.trans_url+"/jsonp",f="a"+c.random_string(6),b=b+"?c="+escape("_jp."+f),d=function(b){delete g._jp[f];a._recv_stop=null;b&&(a._is_closing||a.ri._didMessage(b));a._is_closing|| +a._schedule_recv()},e,m=j.createElement("script"),i,k=function(a){i&&(i.parentNode.removeChild(i),i=null);m&&(clearTimeout(e),m.parentNode.removeChild(m),m.onreadystatechange=m.onerror=m.onload=m.onclick=null,m=null,d(a),d=null)},l=!1,p=null;m.id="a"+c.random_string(8);m.src=b;m.type="text/javascript";m.charset="UTF-8";m.onerror=function(){p||(p=setTimeout(function(){l||k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onerror)"))},1E3))};m.onload=function(){k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onload)"))}; +m.onreadystatechange=function(){if(/loaded|closed/.test(m.readyState)){if(m&&m.htmlFor&&m.onclick){l=!0;try{m.onclick()}catch(a){}}m&&k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (onreadystatechange)"))}};if("undefined"==typeof m.async&&j.attachEvent)if(/opera/i.test(navigator.userAgent))i=j.createElement("script"),i.text="try{var a = document.getElementById('"+m.id+"'); if(a)a.onerror();}catch(x){};",m.async=i.async=!1;else{try{m.htmlFor=m.id,m.event="onclick"}catch(n){}m.async=!0}"undefined"!= +typeof m.async&&(m.async=!0);e=setTimeout(function(){k(c.closeFrame(1006,"JSONP script loaded abnormally (timeout)"))},35E3);b=j.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];b=(b.insertBefore(m,b.firstChild),i&&b.insertBefore(i,b.firstChild),k);g._jp[f]=b;a._recv_stop=function(){g._jp[f]&&g._jp[f](c.closeFrame(1E3,"JSONP user aborted read"))}};i.enabled=function(){return!0};i.need_body=!0;i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){this._is_closing=!0;this._recv_stop&&this._recv_stop();this.ri=this._recv_stop=null;this.send_destructor()}; +i=function(){};i.prototype=new l;i.prototype.run=function(a,b,c,d,e){this.ri=a;this.trans_url=b;this.send_constructor(P(e));this.poll=new E(a,d,b+c,e)};i.prototype.doCleanup=function(){this.poll&&(this.poll.abort(),this.poll=null)};var w=e["xhr-streaming"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr_streaming",y,c.XHRCorsObject)};w.prototype=new i;w.enabled=function(){return g.XMLHttpRequest&&"withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest&&!/opera/i.test(navigator.userAgent)};w.roundTrips=2;w.need_body=!0;l=e["xdr-streaming"]= +function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr_streaming",y,c.XDRObject)};l.prototype=new i;l.enabled=function(){return!!g.XDomainRequest};l.roundTrips=2;var F=e["xhr-polling"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr",y,c.XHRCorsObject)};F.prototype=new i;F.enabled=w.enabled;F.roundTrips=2;w=e["xdr-polling"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr",y,c.XDRObject)};w.prototype=new i;w.enabled=l.enabled;w.roundTrips=2;var s=function(){};s.prototype.i_constructor=function(a,b,f){var d=this;d.ri=a;d.origin=c.getOrigin(f);d.base_url= +f;d.trans_url=b;a=f+"/iframe.html";d.ri._options.devel&&(a+="?t="+ +new Date);d.window_id=c.random_string(8);a+="#"+d.window_id;d.iframeObj=c.createIframe(a,function(a){d.ri._didClose(1006,"Unable to load an iframe ("+a+")")});d.onmessage_cb=c.bind(d.onmessage,d);c.attachMessage(d.onmessage_cb)};s.prototype.doCleanup=function(){if(this.iframeObj){c.detachMessage(this.onmessage_cb);try{this.iframeObj.iframe.contentWindow&&this.postMessage("c")}catch(a){}this.iframeObj.cleanup();this.onmessage_cb=this.iframeObj= +this.iframeObj=null}};s.prototype.onmessage=function(a){if(a.origin===this.origin){var b=a.data.slice(0,8),c=a.data.slice(8,9),a=a.data.slice(9);if(b===this.window_id)switch(c){case "s":this.iframeObj.loaded();this.postMessage("s",JSON.stringify([e.version,this.protocol,this.trans_url,this.base_url]));break;case "t":this.ri._didMessage(a)}}};s.prototype.postMessage=function(a,b){this.iframeObj.post(this.window_id+a+(b||""),this.origin)};s.prototype.doSend=function(a){this.postMessage("m",a)};s.enabled= +function(){var a=navigator&&navigator.userAgent&&-1!==navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Konqueror");return("function"==typeof g.postMessage||"object"==typeof g.postMessage)&&!a};var G,H=function(a,b){parent!==g?parent.postMessage(G+a+(b||""),"*"):c.log("Can't postMessage, no parent window.",a,b)},u=function(){};u.prototype._didClose=function(a,b){H("t",c.closeFrame(a,b))};u.prototype._didMessage=function(a){H("t",a)};u.prototype._doSend=function(a){this._transport.doSend(a)};u.prototype._doCleanup=function(){this._transport.doCleanup()}; +c.parent_origin=void 0;e.bootstrap_iframe=function(){var a;G=j.location.hash.slice(1);c.attachMessage(function(b){if(b.source===parent&&("undefined"==typeof c.parent_origin&&(c.parent_origin=b.origin),b.origin===c.parent_origin)){var f=b.data.slice(0,8),d=b.data.slice(8,9),b=b.data.slice(9);if(f===G)switch(d){case "s":var h=JSON.parse(b),f=h[0],d=h[1],b=h[2],h=h[3];f!==e.version&&c.log('Incompatibile SockJS! Main site uses: "'+f+'", the iframe: "'+e.version+'".');if(!c.flatUrl(b)||!c.flatUrl(h)){c.log("Only basic urls are supported in SockJS"); +break}if(!c.isSameOriginUrl(b)||!c.isSameOriginUrl(h)){c.log("Can't connect to different domain from within an iframe. ("+JSON.stringify([g.location.href,b,h])+")");break}a=new u;a._transport=new u[d](a,b,h);break;case "m":a._doSend(b);break;case "c":a&&a._doCleanup(),a=null}}});H("s")};var z=function(a,b){var f=this;c.delay(function(){f.doXhr(a,b)})};z.prototype=new k(["finish"]);z.prototype.doXhr=function(a,b){var f=this,d=(new Date).getTime(),e=new b("GET",a+"/info"),g=c.delay(8E3,function(){e.ontimeout()}); +e.onfinish=function(a,b){clearTimeout(g);g=null;if(200===a){var c=(new Date).getTime()-d,e=JSON.parse(b);"object"!=typeof e&&(e={});f.emit("finish",e,c)}else f.emit("finish")};e.ontimeout=function(){e.close();f.emit("finish")}};var K=function(a){var b=this,f=function(){var c=new s;c.protocol="w-iframe-info-receiver";var f=function(a){"string"==typeof a&&"m"===a.substr(0,1)?(a=JSON.parse(a.substr(1)),b.emit("finish",a[0],a[1])):b.emit("finish");c.doCleanup();c=null};c.i_constructor({_options:{},_didClose:f, +_didMessage:f},a,a)};j.body?f():c.attachEvent("load",f)};K.prototype=new k(["finish"]);var L=function(){var a=this;c.delay(function(){a.emit("finish",{},2E3)})};L.prototype=new k(["finish"]);var N=function(a){if(c.isSameOriginUrl(a))return new z(a,c.XHRLocalObject);switch(c.isXHRCorsCapable()){case 1:return new z(a,c.XHRLocalObject);case 2:return new z(a,c.XDRObject);case 3:return new K(a);default:return new L}};(u["w-iframe-info-receiver"]=function(a,b,f){(new z(f,c.XHRLocalObject)).onfinish=function(b, +c){a._didMessage("m"+JSON.stringify([b,c]));a._didClose()}}).prototype.doCleanup=function(){};k=e["iframe-eventsource"]=function(){this.protocol="w-iframe-eventsource";this.i_constructor.apply(this,arguments)};k.prototype=new s;k.enabled=function(){return"EventSource"in g&&s.enabled()};k.need_body=!0;k.roundTrips=3;(u["w-iframe-eventsource"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/eventsource",I,c.XHRLocalObject)}).prototype=new i;k=e["iframe-xhr-polling"]=function(){this.protocol="w-iframe-xhr-polling";this.i_constructor.apply(this, +arguments)};k.prototype=new s;k.enabled=function(){return g.XMLHttpRequest&&s.enabled()};k.need_body=!0;k.roundTrips=3;(u["w-iframe-xhr-polling"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/xhr",y,c.XHRLocalObject)}).prototype=new i;k=e["iframe-htmlfile"]=function(){this.protocol="w-iframe-htmlfile";this.i_constructor.apply(this,arguments)};k.prototype=new s;k.enabled=function(){return s.enabled()};k.need_body=!0;k.roundTrips=3;(u["w-iframe-htmlfile"]=function(a,b){this.run(a,b,"/htmlfile",J,c.XHRLocalObject)}).prototype= +new i;var E=function(a,b,c,d){this.ri=a;this.Receiver=b;this.recv_url=c;this.AjaxObject=d;this._scheduleRecv()};E.prototype._scheduleRecv=function(){var a=this,b=a.poll=new a.Receiver(a.recv_url,a.AjaxObject);b.onmessage=function(b){a.ri._didMessage(b.data)};b.onclose=function(c){a.poll=b=b.onmessage=b.onclose=null;a.poll_is_closing||("permanent"===c.reason?a.ri._didClose(1006,"Polling error ("+c.reason+")"):a._scheduleRecv())}};E.prototype.abort=function(){this.poll_is_closing=!0;this.poll&&this.poll.abort()}; +var I=function(a){var b=this,f=new EventSource(a);f.onmessage=function(a){b.dispatchEvent(new n("message",{data:unescape(a.data)}))};b.es_close=f.onerror=function(a,e){var g=e?"user":2!==f.readyState?"network":"permanent";b.es_close=f.onmessage=f.onerror=null;f.close();f=null;c.delay(200,function(){b.dispatchEvent(new n("close",{reason:g}))})}};I.prototype=new p;I.prototype.abort=function(){this.es_close&&this.es_close({},!0)};var A,J=function(a){var b=this;c.polluteGlobalNamespace();b.id="a"+c.random_string(6, +26);a+=(-1===a.indexOf("?")?"?":"&")+"c="+escape("_jp."+b.id);if(void 0===A)if("ActiveXObject"in g)try{A=!!new ActiveXObject("htmlfile")}catch(f){}else A=!1;var d=A?c.createHtmlfile:c.createIframe,e;g._jp[b.id]={start:function(){e.loaded()},message:function(a){b.dispatchEvent(new n("message",{data:a}))},stop:function(){b.iframe_close({},"network")}};b.iframe_close=function(a,c){e.cleanup();b.iframe_close=e=null;delete g._jp[b.id];b.dispatchEvent(new n("close",{reason:c}))};e=d(a,function(){b.iframe_close({}, +"permanent")})};J.prototype=new p;J.prototype.abort=function(){this.iframe_close&&this.iframe_close({},"user")};var y=function(a,b){var c=this,d=0;c.xo=new b("POST",a,null);c.xo.onchunk=function(a,b){if(200===a)for(;;){var e=b.slice(d),g=e.indexOf("\n");if(-1===g)break;d+=g+1;e=e.slice(0,g);c.dispatchEvent(new n("message",{data:e}))}};c.xo.onfinish=function(a,b){c.xo.onchunk(a,b);c.xo=null;c.dispatchEvent(new n("close",{reason:200===a?"network":"permanent"}))}};return y.prototype=new p,y.prototype.abort= +function(){this.xo&&(this.xo.close(),this.dispatchEvent(new n("close",{reason:"user"})),this.xo=null)},e.getUtils=function(){return c},e.getIframeTransport=function(){return s},e}();"_sockjs_onload"in window&&setTimeout(_sockjs_onload,1);"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("sockjs",[],function(){return SockJS});function WebTCP(j,g){this.sockets={};this.httpClients={};this.sock=new SockJS("http://"+j+":"+g+"/bridge");this.ready=!1;this.outputBuffer=[];var c=this;this.sock.onopen=function(){c.ready=!0;c.processBuffer()};this.processBuffer=function(){if(0<this.outputBuffer.length&&this.ready)for(var c in this.outputBuffer)this.sock.send(this.outputBuffer[c])};this.sock.onmessage=function(g){g.data=JSON.parse(g.data);g.data.sID?(sID=g.data.sID,c.sockets[sID].onEvent(g.data.eventName,g.data.data)):g.data.cID&& +(cID=g.data.cID,c.httpClients[cID].onEvent(g.data.eventName,g.data.data))};this.sock.onclose=function(){console.log("close")};this.createSocket=function(c,g,j){return new Socket(this,c,g,j)};this.createHTTPClient=function(){return new Http(this)}};function WebTCPIO(){this.onEvent=function(j,g){this["on"+j](g);if(this["on"+j+"Custom"])this["on"+j+"Custom"](g)};this.on=function(j,g){this["on"+j+"Custom"]=g};this.rpc=function(j,g){var c=this.createPacket();c.command=j;c.args=g;this.send(JSON.stringify(c));return c.id};this.write=function(j){var g=this.createPacket();g.data=j;this.send(JSON.stringify(g));return g.id};this.send=function(j){if(this.webtcp.ready)this.webtcp.sock.send(j);else{if(this.webtcp.outputBuffer>this.webtcp.BUFF_SIZE)throw"Output buffer is already full, but sockJS connection is not ready yet"; +this.webtcp.outputBuffer.push(j)}};this.onerror=function(j){throw j;}};
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter28a/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter28a/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84dcdda2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28a/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +# 第28a章: モジュールと遅延クラス初期化 + +[次の章: 分離コンパイル](../chapter28b/README.ja.md) + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 28b](../chapter28b/README.ja.md) + +この章では複数のソースファイルを一度にコンパイルします。各ファイルは +一つのクラスと共有オブジェクトを定義し、トップレベルの文は隠れた +`<clinit>` 関数になります。最初の能動的な使用で初期化し、その後は +同じ結果を使います。クラスへの参照を保持するだけでは初期化しません。 + +## 必要なときだけ表を作る + +実行できる例は [`src/test/smp/lazy`](../../src/test/smp/lazy) にあります。 +`App.smp` は Main、Tables、Stats への参照を公開します。 +`App/Stats.smp` の `builds` は初期化回数を数えます。 +`App/Tables.smp` は次のように表を構築します。 + +```simple +Stats.builds++; +int[] _squares=new int[256]; +for(int i=0; i<256; i++) _squares[i]=i*i; +val square={u8 n -> _squares[n];}; +``` + +`App/Main.smp` が入口です。 + +```simple +return arg ? Tables.square(3)+Tables.square(4)+100*Stats.builds : Stats.builds; +``` + +引数が 0 なら結果は 0 で、Tables は初期化されません。引数が 1 なら +9 + 16 + 100 = 125 です。二度の呼び出しでも表は一度しか作りません。 +`_squares` は非公開のフィールドで、公開関数を通して読み出します。 +完全なファイル一覧と評価用 Java コードは [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 + +## ファイルと解析の境界 + +`ParseAll` は未解決のクラス名や型から必要なソースを探します。 +ディレクトリ階層が名前空間になり、`App/Main` から `Tables` は兄弟の +`App/Tables` を指せます。親の初期化は子より先なので、親も解析します。 +相互参照する型はソースの発見後に閉じます。 + +`CompUnit` はソース、クラス型、関数をまとめます。各単位には +`StartCU` と `StopCU` があり、全体の Start/Stop の下で解析します。 +公開関数には未知の呼び出し元が存在します。非公開の関数は引き続き +エスケープ解析によって特殊化できます。フィールド名の先頭の `_` は +非公開を表します。ただし、現実装はこれを公開インターフェースの選択に使うだけで、 +兄弟クラスからの直接アクセスをまだ拒否しません。このアクセス検査は未実装です。 + +標準ライブラリ `sys` もソースから解析します。ローカルの `sys` が +なければ `src/main/smp` を使います。ネイティブの `"C"` 宣言は従来通り +ネイティブリンカーで解決します。 + +## 初期化の順序と循環 + +クラスのフィールドの読み書き、メソッド呼び出し、インスタンス生成は +初期化を必要とします。パーサーは `CLInit` を挿入し、最適化中は制御と +メモリ効果を持つ不透明なノードとして残します。実行後は隠れた `$init` +フラグが真なので、通常のメモリ最適化で重複した検査を除去できます。 + +型やクラスへの参照の循環は合法です。しかし A の初期化が B を使い、 +B の初期化が A を使う場合、先に完了できるクラスがありません。 +`ClassInitDependencies` は最適化後の呼び出しと `CLInit` をたどり、 +複数のクラス初期化を含む循環をソース位置付きで報告します。 +通常の再帰や同じ初期化関数内の再帰は許されます。 + +検査後、`Lower` はフラグ検査と未初期化時の呼び出しに展開します。 +親を先に初期化し、フラグは初期化関数の入口で真にします。同じクラスのヘルパーから +再び使えるようにするためです。他クラスを経由して未完成のクラスへ戻る循環は拒否します。 +初期化関数 A が B の初期化を完了させてから再開することは可能です。 + +## コード生成とビルド + +この章では必要なソースをすべて同時にコンパイルします。`FinishCalls` +が解析用の呼び出し辺を切り離し、`StaticData` がクラスの共有領域と +定数フィールドを配置します。ELF は発見したソースのうち生きているコードを含みますが、 +理想 IR のシリアライズ情報は含みません。 + +リポジトリのルートで次を実行します。 + +```sh +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter28a +``` + +このディレクトリでは初回に `make lib`、続いて `make tests` を使えます。 +`make view` は共有グラフビューアーを起動します。 + +次の章ではライブラリのソースがなくてもコンパイルできるように、型と +理想 IR の保存、インポート時の識別子変換、インポート先を含む初期化検査 +を追加します。ライブラリ構築と最適化の調整は付録として扱います。 diff --git a/docs/chapter28a/README.md b/docs/chapter28a/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9f2ac28a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28a/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +# Chapter 28a: Modules and Lazy Class Initialization + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 28b](../chapter28b/README.md) + +[Next: Separate Compilation](../chapter28b/README.md) + + +The compiler can now discover several source files and compile them together. +Each file defines a class with one shared class object; files can nest in +directories forming a module structure. + +The shared class object is a normal object with fields holding function pointers +or other state. The top-level code in the file forms the `<clinit>` +function, which runs once only on the first active use of the class - i.e., +lazy class initialization. An initializer can trigger another class's +initialization and wait for it to finish. It cannot observe that other class +half-initialized. Cycles between class initializers are not allowed. + +This chapter adds file and class semantics to the escape analysis we already +have. All required Simple source is available in one compilation. + + +## Example: Lazy class initialization, or Pay-As-You-Go + +Suppose an application sometimes needs a `Table` but not often; many runs may +never need it. Putting its construction in the application entry would make +every run pay (the eager-init model). Putting it in a getter would need a test +and cached storage. A class initializer provides `Table` lazily, on demand, +and once for all users of the class. This is similar to the Java class init +model except nothing ever sees a class mid-initialization, except the class +itself. + +The runnable example is in [`src/test/smp/lazy`](../../src/test/smp/lazy). +Its directory tree also defines the namespace: + +```text +App.smp +App/Main.smp +App/Stats.smp +App/Tables.smp +``` + +`App.smp` names its children: + +```simple +val Main=Main; +val Tables=Tables; +val Stats=Stats; +``` + +These are class references being stored into normal fields, to give easy access +to nested classes. Merely storing the reference does not trigger the class +initializer. + +`App/Stats.smp` supplies a visible count: + +```simple +int builds=0; // Static global counter +``` + +`App/Tables.smp` builds the table and exposes a function that reads it; the +array is marked private and its public function is the intended interface +(see the current access-check limitation below): + +```simple +Stats.builds++; // Number of table builds... only ever zero or 1! + +// Build a private table of squares +int[] _squares = new int[256]; +for(int i=0; i<256; i++) _squares[i]=i*i; + +// Public accessor to get a square +val square = { u8 n -> _squares[n];}; +``` + +`App/Main.smp` is the main entry: + +```simple +return arg ? Tables.square(3)+Tables.square(4)+100*Stats.builds : Stats.builds; +``` + +With `arg == 0`, the result is 0 and `Tables` never initializes. With `arg == 1`, +the result is 125: the two lookups produce 9 and 16, and the table is built once. +From this chapter directory, the test driver can evaluate it: + +```sh +java -ea -cp "build/classes/main:build/classes/test:lib/*" \ + com.seaofnodes.simple.Simple --root src/test/smp/lazy --eval App/Main.smp 1 +``` + +On Windows, use `;` instead of `:` between classpath entries. + +The evaluator can also run the example directly after type checking: + +```java +CodeGen code=new CodeGen("src/test/smp/lazy", "build/objs", "App/Main", + null, 123, true, TypeInteger.BOT) + .driver(CodeGen.Phase.TypeCheck); +Eval2.eval(code,0); // "0" +Eval2.eval(code,1); // "125"; a fresh evaluation starts a fresh program +``` + +`BoundaryTest.testLazyTables` checks these results. `ClassInitDependenciesTest` +also runs native code that calls a class repeatedly in one process, checking +both the cold and already-initialized paths. + +### Lazy initialization details + +The implementation tracks a hidden `$init` variable in every class. It changes +from `false` to `true` at initializer entry, allowing the class's own helpers +to use it while initialization is in progress. The separate cycle check prevents +another class's initializer from reaching back into that unfinished class. +A check before each active use calls the initializer if needed. The optimizer +tracks the flag as a normal alias, distinguishes `false`, `true`, and `bool`, +and can sometimes remove the test and call. + + +## Name lookup + +If a name misses in the file scope, the parser looks for a matching Simple +source file under the module root. It searches the current class's children, +then enclosing scopes. For example, in `App.smp`, the declaration +`val Main=Main;` defines a normal field, but the right-hand `Main` is unresolved. +The compiler finds `App/Main.smp`, which defines the referenced class. + +`ParseAll` starts with the requested file and follows unresolved class names +and types to source files. From `App/Main`, `Tables` can name the sibling +`App/Tables`; a longer name walks down the class tree. Long dotted paths are +also allowed: `App.Tables`. The parser also reads parents, since their +initialization must precede their children. Cyclic source references are +allowed: the compiler closes recursive types after discovery. + +`CompUnit` ties a source file, class type, and function graph together. They +form a tree that mirrors the source directories and tracks which files need +loading and parsing. Each `CompUnit` has a `StartCU` and `StopCU`, beneath +the whole program's `Start` and `Stop`. + +### Private + +A leading underscore marks a field or class as private. The intended rule is +that private fields are visible only inside their declaring class, not to +siblings or parents. A private enclosing class also keeps its children out of +the public interface. + +The current compiler uses these names to choose the public interface and seed +escape analysis, but does not yet enforce the source access rule. For example, +a sibling can currently read `A._secret`. Rejecting that access is still needed; +the underscore alone is not an enforced boundary in this snapshot. + +Like in other languages, private fields allow you to hide implementation +details. They can be exposed via the normal getter/setter route or any other +way that makes sense. Escape analysis can track private fields more precisely +when all uses stay in known code, helping the usual optimizations. + +### Other names + +The bundled `sys` library uses the same source mechanism. It is a normal module +in all ways except that lookup falls back to the bundled `src/main/smp` when +no local `sys` is found. Native `"C"` declarations still name functions +or data resolved by the native linker. + + +## Active use and initialization order + +Reading or writing a class field, calling its method, or constructing an +instance needs the class initialized; a class reference alone does not. The +parser inserts `CLInitNode` at these active uses, and uses the usual collection +of peepholes to optimize these away. E.g. a forward reference *might* be a +class reference, so a `CLInit` is conservatively inserted. Later the fref +resolves to a normal instance... so the `CLInit` will peephole away. +`CLInit` has peeps for removing repeated checks; for telling that the check +must always be `true` or `false`, etc. + + +Parents initialize before children. In the example, `App` initializes before +`App.Main` and `App.Tables`. Its passive references to the children do not run +them while `App` is still being initialized. + +The compiler keeps `CLInit` opaque through optimization. It carries control +and whole-memory effects, plus the fact that this class's hidden `$init` flag +is `true` afterward. At the `Lower` pass, the `CLInit` explodes into a true +CFG diamond guarding the `<clinit>` call. At this point we end up with a real +runtime guard check, i.e. real overhead. Removing redundant checks reduces +that cost; the first active use may still need a runtime check. + + +## Reject cycles that would observe unfinished classes + +An initializer can use a different class after that class finishes initializing. +For example, `A` can start, initialize `B`, then resume. A cycle would instead +ask one of them to use the other before it finishes. + +Passive references do not create initialization dependencies. These two sibling +files can refer to each other: + +```simple +// A.smp +val b = B; +// B.smp +val a = A; +``` + +Reading each other's fields during initialization does create a cycle: + +```simple +// A.smp +int value = B.value; +// B.smp +int value = A.value; +``` + +Parents add another dependency: a parent must finish before its child starts. +A parent initializer therefore cannot actively use its child. It can keep a +passive reference, or define a helper that uses the child when called after +the parent finishes. Calling that helper during parent initialization would +still create a cycle. + +The resulting dependency graph is a DAG, but initialization remains lazy. +Execution respects the dependencies of each active use; classes that are never +actively used need not initialize. + + +After optimization and during `TypeCheck`, `ClassInitDependencies` follows +surviving `CLInit` markers and calls. It checks strongly connected components +and reports cycles involving more than one class initializer. Ordinary +recursion and recursive helpers within a single initializer are allowed. Since +this is after SCCP, eliminated code cannot make a cycle. Surviving calls are +checked conservatively, even if a more powerful analysis could prove them dead. + +After checking, `Lower` expands each remaining marker into a flag test and a +call on the cold path. Parent initialization comes first. The initializer itself +sets the flag. Generated calls have conservative memory effects and do not +reopen SCCP's analysis of the optimized bodies. + + +## Emitting code and data + +After cleanup by `FinishCalls`, the live code and data from the discovered +sources are emitted in one ELF file. Final constant fields are emitted as +static data in the ELF using the helper `StaticData`; commonly this includes +static class fields holding function pointers, but any constant data can be +stored here. These fields then do not need any `<clinit>` code. + +Mutable field initialization remains in `<clinit>`, even if the initial value +is a constant. A final binding whose value is computed at runtime also needs +initializer code. For example, in `Theme.smp`: + +```simple +{int} read_setting = "C"; // Supplied by the native application +val scale = read_setting(); // Final binding; value only known at runtime +``` + + +## Build and review + +From the repository root: + +```sh +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter28a +``` + +Or, in this directory, `make lib` once for JUnit, then `make tests`. The suite +covers source discovery, initialization cycles and parent order, native cold/hot +calls, shared class storage, constructor reads and loops, private callbacks, +and x86/ARM/RISC-V code generation. `make view` starts the shared graph viewer. + +The next chapter will keep this language behavior while allowing a client to +compile without the library's sources. That requires saving types and ideal IR, +remapping identities on import, and extending the same initialization checks +across imported bodies. The [appendices](../appendices/README.md) cover +library construction and optimizer tuning. diff --git a/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65944fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +# 第28b章の文法 + +[English](28b-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +// A file is a compilation unit; its path supplies its namespace. +// Qualified names resolve nested types and other units without an import keyword. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : constructorDeclaration | methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// The constructor name must match the enclosing struct's name. +constructorDeclaration : 'new' IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// Function types and expressions both receive their implicit receiver here. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol: a function, or explicit numeric native storage. Ordinary strings +// elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Allocation invokes the declared constructor; inline initializer blocks from +// earlier chapters are replaced by constructor arguments. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | callSuffix)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.md b/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c7a279fa --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28b/28b-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 28b + +English | [日本語](28b-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +// A file is a compilation unit; its path supplies its namespace. +// Qualified names resolve nested types and other units without an import keyword. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : constructorDeclaration | methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// The constructor name must match the enclosing struct's name. +constructorDeclaration : 'new' IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// Function types and expressions both receive their implicit receiver here. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol: a function, or explicit numeric native storage. Ordinary strings +// elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Allocation invokes the declared constructor; inline initializer blocks from +// earlier chapters are replaced by constructor arguments. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | callSuffix)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter28b/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter28b/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8f9c5f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28b/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +# 第28b章: 分離コンパイル + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 28a](../chapter28a/README.ja.md) + +前の章では、見つかったソースを一度にコンパイルしました。この章ではライブラリと +クライアントを別々にコンパイルします。クライアントにはライブラリのオブジェクト +ファイルが必要ですが、そのソースは不要です。 + +## オブジェクトに理想 IR を保存する + +通常の ELF オブジェクトには機械語、データ、シンボル、再配置情報があります。 +Simple はさらに `.simple` セクションへ型と理想 IR を保存します。クライアントは +宣言を読み込んで型を検査し、関数本体も読み込んで SCCP やインライン化に使います。 +残った呼び出しは、ネイティブリンクでライブラリの機械語につなぎます。 + +宣言型と解析中の型は別々に保存します。ある時点でフィールドの値が 0 でも、 +その宣言を定数 0 に変えてはいけません。引数の型の上限、数値演算のモード、 +Store の幅、元のソース位置も保存します。入れ子の構造体には、関数本体だけでなく +割り当て関数とコンストラクタの宣言も必要です。 + +別々のコンパイルで同じ番号になったエイリアスや関数は、同じものとは限りません。 +`GlobalBits` は定義元のファイルとファイル内の番号を保存し、インポート時にその +組み合わせを今回の番号へ写します。型とノードに同じ写像を使い、複数ファイルを +またぐ再帰型も復元します。 + +コンパイル単位ごとに `sys.o`、`sys/io.o`、`sys/libc.o` などを出力します。宣言と関数の +要約は本体より先に保存し、IR を復元せずに読めます。未ロードの関数は `FunNode`、 +`SummaryNode`、`ReturnNode` で表し、戻り値・メモリ・エスケープ情報を解析に使います。 +要約そのものはインライン化しません。ワークリストが空になった時点で、保存したサイズを +参考に本体を要求し、読み込んで解析してから実際のインライン化を判断します。 + +`sys.io.p` を通常の呼び出しとして残す場合、`io` の IR は不要です。`io.o` の本体を +読み込んでも、その中の外部参照には型があり、別の本体を自動的に要求しません。 +メタデータの探索は保守的で、要求したオブジェクト内の関数本体はまとめて読み込みます。 +さらに細かい関数単位の読み込みは今後の目標です。 + +要約には直接呼び出しとクラス初期化の依存辺も保存します。循環の可能性が見つかったら、 +残りの本体をすべて読み込み、最適化後に再検査してからエラーを報告します。循環の外の +ヘルパーが返す定数によって、循環内の辺が消える場合もあるためです。 + +コンパイル直後のネイティブリンクは CompUnit に保存されたオブジェクトのパスを使います。 +コンパイラの状態を持たず保存済みオブジェクトだけをリンクするテストでは、必要な +オブジェクトをすべて明示的に列挙します。必要なファイルが欠けていればリンクに失敗します。 +ネイティブ実行では実行時の動的ロードは行いません。 +Eval2 も実行前の解析時に依存オブジェクトを解決します。型検査済みプログラムの +オブジェクトは、互いに整合するビルドから提供されることを前提とします。 +実行しない分岐からの依存でも、必要なオブジェクトがなければ失敗します。 +Eval2 は型検査済みのプログラムを実行し、呼び出しで必要になったオブジェクトの IR だけを +復元して個別にスケジュールします。これはリンク済みプログラムの準備を遅らせる仕組みで、 +実行中に新しいライブラリを探索するものではありません。実行中のグラフの再最適化は行いません。 +理想ノードの CLInit を直接実行します。子の `<clinit>` は親の初期化を確認してから、 +自分の `$init` フラグを設定し、本体を実行します。Eval2 と Lower 後のコードでこの順序を +共有し、呼び出し側は対象クラスのフラグだけを検査します。 +IR の読み込みだけではクラスの初期化や本体の出力は起こりません。 + +## 実行できる例 + +英語版の例は次の二つのソースルートにあります。 + +```text +src/test/smp/separate/library/Counters.smp +src/test/smp/separate/client/Main.smp +``` + +ライブラリは、ループで final フィールドを計算する `Counter` と共有カウンタを +公開します。クライアントの `run(3)` は最初に 107 を返します。同じプロセスで +続けて `run(5)` を呼ぶと 231 になります。インスタンスは別々ですが、クラスの +カウンタは共有されます。`run(0)` はライブラリを使わずに戻ります。 + +このディレクトリでライブラリをコンパイルします。 + +```sh +make lib +make build/classes/test/.ttag +java -ea -cp "build/classes/main:build/classes/test:lib/*" \ + com.seaofnodes.simple.Simple --norun -o build/separate-example/lib/ \ + src/test/smp/separate/library/Counters.smp +``` + +次にオブジェクトを使ってクライアントを評価します。 + +```sh +java -ea -cp "build/classes/main:build/classes/test:lib/*" \ + com.seaofnodes.simple.Simple --eval \ + -L build/separate-example/lib/Counters.o \ + src/test/smp/separate/client/Main.smp 3 +``` + +結果は `107` です。Windows のクラスパス区切りには `;` を使います。クライアントの +ソースルートには `Counters.smp` がありません。`SeparateCompilationTest` はさらに +二つのオブジェクトを C ドライバとリンクし、繰り返し呼び出す動作を検査します。 + +## 解析とコードの所有者 + +インポートした本体は解析に参加しても、クライアントの出力には属しません。 +`Serialize` は `Lower` がクラス初期化を展開する前に理想 IR を保存します。 +`Unlink` は機械語生成に向けてインポートした本体と解析用の呼び出し辺を切り離します。 +インライン化でクライアントへコピーされたコードは、クライアント自身の本体として +出力されます。 + +初期化規則は前の章と同じです。型のインポートだけでは初期化しません。能動的な使用は +`CLInit` を通して初期化を要求し、ライブラリが持つクラスオブジェクトとフラグを使います。 +依存関係の検査にはインポートした本体も含めます。ネイティブコードへ渡した関数の +未知の呼び出し元も保持します。 + +コンストラクタのフィールド更新はローカル値と Phi のままで、ヘルパーの出口に Store を +置きます。未完成のオブジェクトでも初期化済みフィールドは読めます。 +アンダースコアは公開インターフェースの選択に使いますが、ソースのアクセス制限は +まだ実装されていません。 + +## 検証と今後 + +明示的に指定したソースは常にコンパイルします。他のローカルオブジェクトを再利用する前に、 +記録された依存関係をたどり、各オブジェクトのソースを検査します。 +入力の欠落や、より新しいソース・依存オブジェクトがあれば、保存した型や IR を使わず +再解析します。A が B をインライン化していれば、B のオブジェクトが未更新でも、 +B のソース変更で A は無効になります。循環は訪問済み集合で処理します。 + +ライブラリは検査と読み込みで同じ検索パスを使います。ソースのないライブラリは整合した +組み合わせで提供する必要があります。時刻だけでは互換性は判断できません。入力ハッシュ、 +コンパイラ・ABI のバージョン、自動再リンクを含むビルドドライバは今後の課題です。 + +リポジトリのルートから次を実行します。 + +```sh +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter28b +``` + +保存したコンストラクタ、インポートをまたぐ初期化循環、共有データ、ネイティブ関数の +サンク、ライブラリとクライアントの実行を検査します。Make はテスト用の `sys` も +オブジェクトにします。`make release` は jar と標準ライブラリを作り、`make view` は +共通のグラフビューアーを起動します。 + +`IncrementalBuildTest` は時刻を明示的に設定し、再利用、間接的な変更、オブジェクト間の +循環、入力の欠落、ライブラリ更新を検査します。変更後のネイティブ実行結果も +クリーンビルドと比較します。 +`SelectiveLoadingTest` は要約による呼び出し、インライン化のためのロード、静的リンク、 +初期化循環の再検査を確認します。 + +保存形式は `C0DE` 以外のバージョン番号をまだ持ちません。コンパイラや形式を変えたら +オブジェクトを再構築してください。高コストの往復一致検査は無効のままで、古い増分 +ビルドの実験 `testModule0` も実行対象外です。 + +ネイティブライブラリの構築と最適化の調整は[付録](../appendices/README.md)にまとめています。 diff --git a/docs/chapter28b/README.md b/docs/chapter28b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd8052e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter28b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ +# Chapter 28b: Separate Compilation + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 28a](../chapter28a/README.md) + +The previous chapter compiled every discovered source file together. This +chapter lets a program and the libraries it uses compile separately, with +full type information. To compile a program that uses a library, we need the +library's *object* file, but not its source. + +In spirit this is similar to Java's *class* file, with its full execution and +type semantics stored in the file; we happen to be using an ELF file for the +same reason. The ahead-of-time compiled code is *also* available for the +linking step. + +An ordinary native object contains machine code, data, symbols, and +relocations. Simple adds a `.simple` section with types and the ideal IR. +Importing `.simple` lets the compiler check types and optimize calls into the +library. Calls that remain out of line use the library's machine code at +native link time. + +## A program that uses a library + +The runnable example has two separate source roots: + +```text +src/test/smp/separate/library/Counters.smp +src/test/smp/separate/client/Main.smp +``` + +`Counters.smp` declares shared state and an instance constructor: + +```simple +int calls=0; +val next_noInline = { -> calls++; return calls; }; + +struct Counter { + val value=1; + new Counter = { int n -> + value=0; + for( int i=0; i<n; i++ ) value=value*2+1; + }; + val get = { -> value; }; +}; +``` + +`Main.smp` uses both parts of the library: + +```simple +val run = { int n -> + if( !n ) return 0; + val c = new Counters.Counter(n); + return c.get()+100*Counters.next_noInline(); +}; +return run(arg); +``` + +At runtime, `run(0)` returns without reaching or initializing `Counters`. + +For `run(3)`, `Counters` initializes, the constructor computes 7 and +`calls`==1, so we get `(7+100*1)` or 107. + +Calling `run(3)`, then `run(5)`, in one process increments the shared `calls` +twice. The first call gives `(7+100*1)`, or 107; the second gives +`(31+100*2)`, or 231. + +(The `_noInline` suffix prevents inlining, so the example exercises native +linking as well as imported IR.) + +From this chapter directory, build the compiler and compile the library: + +```sh +make lib +make build/classes/test/.ttag +java -ea -cp "build/classes/main:build/classes/test:lib/*" \ + com.seaofnodes.simple.Simple --norun -o build/separate-example/lib/ \ + src/test/smp/separate/library/Counters.smp +``` + +Then compile and evaluate the program using that object: + +```sh +java -ea -cp "build/classes/main:build/classes/test:lib/*" \ + com.seaofnodes.simple.Simple --eval \ + -L build/separate-example/lib/Counters.o \ + src/test/smp/separate/client/Main.smp 3 +``` + + +## What crosses the separate compilation boundary + +Each source compilation unit gets its own object file: compiling `sys.smp` +produces `sys.o`, `sys/io.o`, `sys/libc.o`, and any other discovered classes. +Mutually dependent sources are compiled together and they output to separate +files with a common build timestamp. + +The object file has a compact encoding of the optimized IR in the `.simple` +section. Declarations and function summaries come first so they can be read +without reading all of the IR. The saved state includes canonical declarations +as well as optimized flow types. E.g. `int x=7` has declared type `int` and +initial value `7`. Struct field types (both declared and optimized), function +argument types (both declared and optimized), numeric modes, store widths, and +source locations also survive serialization. + +Each loaded `.simple` section restores `CompUnit`s into the shared tree, +mirroring the original code layout. A dependency shared by several objects +uses the same `CompUnit`. Loaded aliases and function indices are renumbered +to avoid collisions; all the dense indices end up in the same namespace. +`GlobalBits` has the mapping from the imported file indices to the local +compilation indices; this remapping extends everywhere through the loaded code, +including recursive types that span several files. Importing skips parsing the +original source, but loaded IR is still analyzed within its new context. + +`ParseAll` is the workhorse that discovers source and object dependencies. It +tracks missing symbol references, looking them up in the search path one by one, +and loading the matching files. + +The end result combines locally parsed and imported IR in one graph, while +keeping their separate `CompUnit`s. This combined compilation can take +advantage of e.g. constants in the library, or inline library code using the +normal inlining heuristics. The combined graph goes through the normal +compilation phases, including peepholes, Opto and TypeCheck. + +Dependencies between `CompUnit`s are recorded. An explicitly requested source +file is always compiled. Before reusing another local object, `CompUnit` walks +its recorded dependencies and checks each local object's source. +A missing input or a newer source or dependency object forces parsing +again, before saved types or IR are imported. This includes transitive +dependencies: if A has inlined B, editing B's source invalidates A even while +B's object is unchanged. A visited set lets this check follow cycles. + +Library dependencies use the same search paths for checking and loading. +Object-only libraries must be supplied as a coherent build; timestamps alone +cannot establish their compatibility. These checks are not a complete build +driver: explicit requests still compile, and input hashes, compiler/ABI +versions, and automatic relinking remain future work. + +An unloaded function has a `FunNode`, `SummaryNode`, and `ReturnNode`. Its +summary supplies result, memory, and escape information; calls keep the usual +graph structure without requiring the body. Summaries cannot be inlined. +At an empty optimization worklist, an interesting local call can request its +callee's object using saved size information. The compiler loads the bodies, +reconciles identities, and analyzes them before deciding whether to inline. + +For `sys.io.p`, the compiler can leave `p` out of line without loading `io` IR. +Loading `io.o` makes its functions available, but references inside them carry +types without automatically loading other bodies. An unused imported function +does not cause speculative loading of its callees. Metadata discovery remains +conservative, and a requested object still loads all of its function bodies. + + + +## Using library code and shared state + +The compiler can use library IR to optimize a program while leaving the +library's functions and shared data in their own object files. Separate +compilation must also preserve when each class is initialized, even when +several files use it. + +For example, compiling `helloWorld` may load the body of `sys.io.p` to decide +whether to inline it or not. Inlined code becomes part of `helloWorld.o`. +Ifif it was not inlined that call remains using the function in `sys/io.o`. +Loading did not add another stand-alone copy of `p` to `helloWorld.o`. + +In any case, loaded or not, inlined or not, the initialization semantics of +`sys.io` is unchanged; this means we might need CLInit checks in the inlined +code, or where we load `p` from `sys.io`. + +If we did load a bunch of IR, but then chose not to inline, that imported code +is still in our compiled graph. We use `Unlink` before code-gen to remove the +imported bodies. The not-inlined call sites will keep the target names around +for the system linker to eventually connect all the code. + +Shared state follows the same idea as function calls. In the earlier example, +all calls within the program use the same `Counters.calls` field. The library +also supplies a shared `$init` flag so its class initializer runs once. +Importing types or loading IR does not run that initializer: execution must +reach a use that needs the class. + +A nested class's initializer first ensures that its enclosing class is +initialized, then sets its own flag and runs its body. + +The IR represents an initialization check with a `CLInit` node. Simple saves +this form in the object file so the compiler can analyze it when compiling +a program that uses the library. For machine code, `Lower` turns the check +into a flag test and a conditional call; Eval2 performs the same steps +directly. Optimization can remove a check when the class is +already known to be initialized. + +The compiler must also reject cycles in which class initializers depend on one +another. Simple keeps *function summaries* that list calls and classes that +may need initialization, so the compiler can check for cycles before loading +bodies. After ordinary optimization, any remaining possible cycle is an +error; the compiler does not load more bodies to try to disprove it. Inlining +and other optimizations can remove a dependency, so changing optimization +decisions can change whether a program passes this check. + +All required object files must be found before execution. Native code is +linked before the program starts. Eval2 can wait until a call needs a body +to decode its IR, but the object's types and dependencies have already been +read. These choices change when code is prepared; both execution paths use +the same shared state and class-initialization rules. + + +## Building and checking + +From the repository root: + +```sh +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter28b +``` + +The suite includes the preceding constructor and escape regressions, imported +constructors, initialization cycles across objects, shared static data, native +function thunks, and native programs linked with libraries. Make also builds +the modular `sys` objects used by the library tests. Programs can import +`sys.o` with `-L`, without parsing the standard library's source again. +`IncrementalBuildTest` checks reuse, transitive edits, cycles across objects, missing +inputs, and changed library objects using controlled timestamps. It also +compares native execution after an edit with a clean build. +`SelectiveLoadingTest` checks summarized calls, loading for inlining, native +link dependencies, and rejection of a possible initialization cycle without +loading more bodies. +`make release` builds the launcher jar and standard library; `make view` +starts the shared graph viewer. + +The serialized format is internal and currently unversioned beyond its `C0DE` +magic. Rebuild Simple objects when the compiler or layout changes. The expensive +serialization bijection check remains disabled, and `testModule0`, the older +incremental-rebuild experiment, remains ignored. They are not validation +guarantees for this snapshot. + +See the appendices on [native libraries](../appendices/native-libraries.md) +and [optimizer/backend tuning](../appendices/optimizer-tuning.md). diff --git a/docs/intellij.md b/docs/intellij.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a488fca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/intellij.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# IntelliJ + +Open the repository folder as an existing IntelliJ project. Select JDK 21 in +**File > Project Structure > Project SDK** if needed. The native `.iml` setup +includes every numbered chapter and the shared Java code; no Maven import is +needed. Each chapter has separate main and test output under `build/idea` and +never depends on another chapter's compiler. Make's output stays separate. + +On a fresh checkout, run `make lib` to fetch JUnit, then close the project and run: + +```sh +python build-support/idea.py +``` + +Reopen the repository folder. The script refreshes the module list and test +configurations, and sets the JUnit template's working directory to +`$MODULE_WORKING_DIR$`. It preserves the selected SDK and existing personal run +configurations and breakpoints. Original settings are backed up in +`build/idea-backup`. Run it again after adding or renaming chapters, with the +project closed so IntelliJ cannot overwrite the new list with its old one. +After a chapter move, use **Build > Rebuild Project** once to remove old compiled +classes from reused chapter directories. + +Open a chapter's `src/test/java` file and use the gutter's **Debug** action on a +test method. Its configuration should use that chapter's module. You can also +select **chapter23 field write** to debug +`PrefixUpdateTest.testMethodFieldWrites`, or **chapterXX tests** to run that +chapter's suite. These shared configurations set the module, working directory, +assertions and build step explicitly. Suite discovery is limited to that module. + +Old personal run configurations may still name the former combined chapter25. +Recreate those from the intended chapter's test gutter, or change both their +module and working directory in **Run > Edit Configurations**. The same Java +class names occur in many chapters, so a class name alone cannot identify the +intended snapshot. + +Tests that compile native code still need the C toolchain on IntelliJ's PATH. +Tests using Chapter 28b's native runtime or saved `sys` library also need the +Make prerequisites: run `make -C chapter28b release CTAGS=` before debugging +those tests. IntelliJ's Java build does not build the native runtime or library. + +For the JUnit working directory and module classpath settings, see +[JetBrains' JUnit configuration reference](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/run-debug-configuration-junit.html). diff --git a/docs/japanese-translation.md b/docs/japanese-translation.md deleted file mode 100644 index 39383345..00000000 --- a/docs/japanese-translation.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -# Japanese translation / 翻訳の保守方針 - -English is authoritative. The contributed Japanese translation is maintained on -a best-effort basis; English edits and chapter reorganizations never wait for -translation updates. Move Japanese files and update navigation when renumbering -chapters; prose updates can follow separately. Contributions are welcome, without -an ongoing maintenance obligation for the original translator. - -[英語版](../README.md)が正式な文書です。この日本語訳は寄贈されたもので、可能な範囲で保守されますが、 -英語版より更新が遅れることがあります。英語版の編集や章の再構成を、翻訳の更新待ちにすることはありません。 -章を移動・改番する際は、日本語ファイルも一緒に移動して章の見出しやリンクを更新し、本文の翻訳は後から更新できます。 -翻訳の改善は歓迎しますが、元の寄贈者に継続的な保守を義務付けるものではありません。 - -初回の翻訳は英語版のコミット -[`81b654d7`](https://github.com/SeaOfNodes/Simple/tree/81b654d76444d747fdf1d053760e507b50f26e18) -を基にしています。2026年10月の目次・文法見出し・コード例・命令エンコーディング・ -`C0DE` ヘッダに関する文書修正も反映しています。 -各文書の English リンクは現在の英語版を指します。更新されていない箇所の原文を確認するには、 -上記コミットの対応するファイルを参照してください。新しい章が未翻訳の場合は、その旨を示して英語版にリンクできます。 - - -[日本語の紹介に戻る](../README.ja.md) diff --git a/docs/regalloc-spills.md b/docs/regalloc-spills.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1dbac4d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/regalloc-spills.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +# Register allocation across chapters + +This is the dated **pre-split** comparison. Its Ch 24/25 columns describe the +retired combined snapshots, not today's Chapter 25 (incomplete types). Current +measurement tools target 24b/28b and publish a +[separate table](../skills/current-spill-matrix.md). The historical numbers +below remain unchanged. + +Read a row left to right to follow a fixed cohort through successive compilers. +Each cell gives **Ops / RA / X**: + +- **Ops:** executed ARM + RISC-V machine instructions, with fixed inputs. +- **RA:** executed instructions belonging to allocator-created copies, + spills/reloads and rematerializations; a subset of Ops. A replacement constant + materialization counts even when it adds no instruction relative to the + original program. This measures allocator-generated code, not a net overhead. +- **X:** x86-only `_spillScaled`, counting retained split moves (including + register copies) with weight `8^loopDepth`. It is a static estimate and does + not count rematerializations. + +**Cases D / X** counts dynamic program/target cases and x86 compilations. +Repeated historical compilation entries remain repeated. These are independent +coverage counts, not a sum; dynamic cases may use several inputs. Membership, +inputs and returned values are checked across compiler columns. Chapter 20 has +no encoder, so its dynamic cells are unavailable. There is no cross-cohort total. + +<!-- spill-matrix:start --> +| Test cohort | Cases D / X | Ch 20: Ops / RA / X | Ch 21: Ops / RA / X | Ch 22: Ops / RA / X | Ch 23: Ops / RA / X | Ch 24: Ops / RA / X | Ch 25: Ops / RA / X | +|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 / 13 | — / — / 161 | 55,173 / 5,407 / 174 | 58,751 / 9,099 / 175 | 58,736 / 9,084 / 184 | 58,720 / 9,068 / 183 | 58,965 / 9,076 / 208 | +| Ch 21 | 20 / 18 | | 6,207 / 261 / 461 | 6,324 / 379 / 475 | 6,326 / 381 / 475 | 6,325 / 380 / 470 | 6,196 / 219 / 534 | +| Ch 22 | 14 / 8 | | | 198 / 60 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 194 / 56 / 7 | 252 / 92 / 11 | +| Ch 23 | 14 / 8 | | | | 630 / 160 / 36 | 630 / 160 / 36 | 864 / 358 / 36 | +| Ch 24 | 36 / 20 | | | | | 4,923 / 1,341 / 790 | 4,646 / 1,335 / 609 | +| Ch 25 | 2 / 12 | | | | | | 20 / 0 / 1,856 | +<!-- spill-matrix:end --> + +Measured on Windows, 2026-10-07, using optimizer seed 123 for the historical +cohorts. The x86 Chapter 25 cohort retains its native-test seeds and the fresh +system-library compilation at seed 456. Dynamic counts include generated class +initializers and calls, but exclude the bodies of native `calloc`, `read` and +`write`. Their deterministic emulator stubs provide allocation and fixed I/O. +No clock timings, native-library instruction counts or code-size metric are mixed in. + +## Inputs and coverage + +| Cohort | Dynamic cases | Executions per compiler | x86 compilations | +|---|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 22 | 44 | 13 | +| Ch 21 | 20 | 20 | 18 | +| Ch 22 | 14 | 14 | 8 | +| Ch 23 | 14 | 26 | 8 | +| Ch 24 | 36 | 48 | 20 | +| Ch 25 | 2 | 2 | 12 | + +Newton, array-fill and Merge Sort use argument 16; allocation-index tests use +0, 1 and 2. Branch/short-circuit and nested-equality cases use 0-3, Fibonacci uses 9, and Sieve uses +100. Bubble Sort reads `[4, 3, 2, 1]`; BrainFuck runs its embedded Hello World +program. Other measured cases use argument 0. The Chapter 25 dynamic row is only +the two existing external-data emulator cases, with `counter` initialized to -7; +it does not represent execution of the whole system library or native suite. + +String/Person APIs, the returned mixed-argument function, exported Merge Sort +and BrainFuck, and mixed/stack-argument API tests still need explicit emulator +drivers. Deliberately infinite programs remain compilation-only. The original +allocation cohorts are preserved; these cases are not silently measured as zero. +The previously excluded equality, ARM Newton and ARM Bubble Sort cases now run +in every applicable compiler column. The measurement harness checks their +answers, including nested equality at arguments 0-3, finite Newton results and +Bubble Sort's complete output. The shared ISA tests and full Chapter 21-25 +Make suites pass after the backend/evaluator corrections. + +## Remaining initialization costs + +Chapter 25 now places declared constant final fields directly in static data, +including function addresses, and omits their initialization stores. The same +fixed inputs and test cases give: + +| Cohort | Ch 24 Ops | Ch 25 Ops | Change | +|---|---:|---:|---:| +| Ch 20 | 58,720 | 58,965 | +0.4% | +| Ch 21 | 6,325 | 6,196 | -2.0% | +| Ch 22 | 194 | 252 | +29.9% | +| Ch 23 | 630 | 864 | +37.1% | +| Ch 24 | 4,923 | 4,646 | -5.6% | + +Chapter 25 retains top-level bindings in its class object; earlier chapters can +eliminate them as locals. Mutable fields and final fields whose declarations +do not identify their exact constant still need runtime initialization. This +fixed cost remains visible in small programs even after helper calls inline. + +For cohort 23, the RA subset is 160 in Chapter 24 and 358 in Chapter 25. It +includes allocator-created constant/address rematerialization as well as copies +and stack traffic; it must not be read as a count of spills alone. These tables +compare whole chapter compilers, including frontend and inlining changes. + +## Reproduce + +Run `make spill-stats` at the repository root to compile/run the static cohorts, +capture their historical sources, execute the dynamic cases and validate the +comparison. Capture uses temporary instrumented copies of the existing +SpillStats listeners under `build/dynamic-stats`; it does not edit chapter code. +The measured machine graph is stopped before allocation to identify subsequently +inserted copies/cloned constants. After encoding, their instruction ranges are +matched against the emulator's executed PCs, including multi-instruction expansions. + +After a successful run, publish the current compiler table (leaving these +historical tables unchanged) with: + +```sh +python build-support/spill-matrix.py --reuse --update-docs +``` + +Per-program inputs, results and dynamic counts are written to +`build/spill-stats/dynamic-counts.csv`; emulator logs and explicit skips live +under `build/dynamic-stats/{21,22,23,24b,28b}/dynamic.log`. The x86 records use +`build/spill-stats/spill-matrix-{20,21,22,23,24b,28b}.log`. The source adaptations for old Chapter +25 are documented in the [replay README](../src/test/java/com/seaofnodes/simple/spill/README.md). diff --git a/docs/roadmap.ja.md b/docs/roadmap.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..395eab18 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/roadmap.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# コンパイラのロードマップ + +[English](roadmap.md) | 日本語 + +未完了の作業と将来の言語設計案の要約です。現在の言語仕様や実装済みの機能を +示すものではありません。詳細と最新の判断は[英語版](roadmap.md)を参照してください。 + +## 正確性とコンパイル + +- Eval2 の追加ロード時のスケジューリング用領域を整理し、`GlobalEscapeNode` が共有する呼び出し・関数要約の走査を増分化する。 +- 依存関係全体を調べ、変更を伝播してから保存 IR を再利用する、正しい増分ビルドを実装する。 +- 型の読み込みからネイティブリンクまでのライブラリ変更を検出する。SHA-256 を含むシンボルの照合は将来案であり、Eval2 は整合したビルドを前提とする。 +- コンパイル単位ごとの選択的ロードを、オブジェクト内の関数単位へ細分化する。 +- 最適化後の関数サイズと安定した順位を使い、インライン化の選択を決定的にする。 +- CFG の実行頻度推定、ループの回転、定数インスタンスフィールドの格納省略を検討する。 + +## 言語とランタイム + +- アンダースコアによる公開インターフェースの選別に加え、ソースの private アクセス規則を決めて強制する。 +- 未完成の self をヘルパーへ渡せる条件と、コンストラクタの完了検査を行う時点を検討する。 +- ELF シンボルの可視性と、未知の呼び出し元・コード出力の所有権を区別する。 +- クラス初期化子の整数引数を引数配列に置き換える。 +- 初期化全体を静的データで表せるクラスについて、実行時の初期化呼び出しと状態を省略する。 +- コンパクトなコード／データ領域、ネイティブポインタ型、GC に依存しない寿命管理を設計する。 + +## データとライブラリの設計案 + +- 名前付きフィールドの末尾に配列を配置する構造体と、異なる幅の長さフィールド。 +- 要素を生成する関数を使う配列初期化。 +- 可変・不変・C 互換・Unicode・短い値文字列の各用途に応じた文字列ライブラリ。 +- 構造体のインライン格納と値渡し。 +- `int` の既定幅を現在の `i64` から `i32` に変えるかどうか。 + +これらの言語変更には、それぞれ設計判断と導入する章の境界が必要です。 diff --git a/docs/roadmap.md b/docs/roadmap.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..98309114 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/roadmap.md @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +# Compiler roadmap + +English | [日本語](roadmap.ja.md) + +Open compiler work and language proposals, reviewed against the current +snapshots on 2026-10-29. These are future changes, not promises about the +language implemented by the tutorial. Language changes still need their own +design decisions and chapter boundaries. + +## Compilation and optimization + +### Phase ordering and incremental analysis + +Remaining work: + +- Review the remaining node-ID bitset costs in Eval2 scheduling. Scratch + arrays now retain capacity and reset only touched entries, but bitsets + still span previously allocated node IDs. Scheduling a newly loaded + object should cost only for that graph and any affected existing nodes. +- Make `GlobalEscapeNode`'s shared call/summary scan incremental. Compilation + unit Stops now reuse its result, but updating that result still scans all + calls and unloaded summaries. Review the phase-dependent escape normalization + and reliance on the previous result before changing propagation further. + +Whole-program TypeCheck is acceptable for now; incremental checking is an +optional later improvement. Expensive assertion walks are outside this +performance work. + +### Reliable incremental builds + +Chapter 28b now checks the reachable source-backed inputs before reusing saved +IR, including transitive dependencies and missing inputs. +The remaining work is a build driver with recorded input identities, beyond +those conservative timestamp checks. An unchanged public signature does not +establish compatibility: optimization imports bodies and constants too. + +Record the actual resolved input paths and versions, compiler/serialization +versions, target, ABI, and relevant options. Content hashes can cover preserved +timestamps and changed library search paths. Distinguish rebuildable source +from incompatible source-free libraries; their installation timestamps alone +cannot validate a set of objects compiled against one another. + +Native separate compilation should also detect a library changing between +reading its types and linking the executable. One possible mechanism is a +SHA-256-named symbol that callers require and the matching library defines. +This remains future link-time validation; Eval2 assumes a coherent build. + +An unchanged build should do no compilation or linking. Publish outputs only +after successful compilation, and relink when an object or other link input +changes. Start with a small build driver and conservative rebuilding of every +dependent; finer interface/body fingerprints can follow. The +[incremental-build design](../skills/incremental-builds.md) records the input +ownership rules and validation cases. + +### Function-level loading of library IR + +Chapter 28b emits one object per compilation unit and reads declarations and +`SummaryNode` information without loading bodies. Optimization can request an +object's IR for inlining; Eval2 materializes bodies on executed calls and +assumes a coherent build. Initialization checks reject possible cycles using +the available graph and summaries, without loading more bodies to disprove +them. A requested object still reconstructs all of its functions. + +Further selectivity would require a function-body index within each object +and narrower metadata discovery. Preserve type identity, initialization rules, +and imported escape summaries. Loading, initializing, and emitting a class +remain separate decisions. This optimization is independent of making +incremental rebuilding correct. + +### Deterministic inlining + +The current inliner has a bounded exception for small initializer boilerplate, +but still uses parse-size estimates and worklist order. After shrinking +rewrites converge, choose one growing inline using current body sizes and a +deterministic ranking. Cache sizes per convergence round and use stable +call-site provenance to break ties, rather than newly allocated node IDs. +Avoid repeated whole-body scans and per-node dependencies while a large +function gradually shrinks. + +### CFG frequency estimates + +After lowering and loop-tree construction, estimate block frequencies for GCM +and code layout. Treat initialization and known-failure paths as rare; use +bounded loop-trip estimates and branch probabilities when no profile is +available. Keep estimates consistent with control flow and shared between +scheduling and layout. These are backend estimates, not ideal-IR types. + +### Loop rotation + +Consider lowering `for` loops with a zero-trip entry test and a bottom-tested +loop, or adding partial peeling. Preserve condition side effects, loop-local +scope, and the destinations of `break` and `continue`. The current parser +constructs a loop with its test at the head. + +### Constant instance-field storage + +When a final instance field has the same constant value in every instance, +fold accesses or store the value on the class object and omit the instance +slot. Preserve field-access semantics and public function reachability: +externally accessible function fields remain callable regardless of storage. +Existing static images for class constants do not implement this general +instance-layout optimization. + +## Language boundaries + +### Source privacy + +Underscores already select the public interface, but source access to another +class's private fields is not rejected. The proposal is to enforce privacy +starting in Chapter 28a, then preserve it across imports in 28b. This language +change still needs review; it is not a correction to impose on earlier chapters. + +- A field or method beginning with `_` is accessible only from its declaring + class, including constructors and methods. Enclosing, nested, and sibling + classes gain no special access. Same-class code may access another instance. +- A private class name is available in its declaring scope and inside the + class itself. Naming `App._Cache` must not grant access to `_Cache._data`. + Dotted lookup cannot bypass access rules, and private ancestors keep their + descendants out of the public interface. Distinguish naming a private class + from using a public value returned by a factory. +- Reads, writes, updates, method references, type names, and class-value + references must follow the same rule. Preserve source owner and location + through unresolved receiver types, inlining, and imports. Folding away a + Load or an unused result must not erase an illegal source access. +- Native declarations follow the same rules. Public wrappers may deliberately + expose private bindings; `sys` has no special exemption. + +The bundled `sys/io.smp` calls `libc._exit` directly. Keep that native binding +private, add a public `exit` wrapper in `sys/libc.smp`, and change IO to call +the wrapper. Bitset and array helpers access their own private fields and +remain legal. String spill fixtures with helpers outside `_String` accessing +`_hashCode` need explicit adaptation; do not grant file-wide access merely to +keep those fixtures unchanged. Validate native execution and imported source +ownership alongside the access diagnostics. + +### Constructor helpers and completion + +Local SSA field updates, including final fields, repeated assignments, and +loops, are implemented. The remaining question is broader: should constructors +be allowed to pass unfinished `self` to helpers that become safe after +inlining, and should completion checks wait until SCCP? + +Decide those rules before changing the current parser-time completion checks +and early-publication restrictions. Separate reading an initialized field of +an unfinished object from exposing that object to arbitrary code. The +construction/escape teaching boundary can then be reviewed against the chosen +semantics. + +### ELF visibility and unknown callers + +Escape analysis tracks functions reachable by unknown callers, while the ELF +writer exports retained named functions owned by the compilation unit. Decide +which symbols should be public, local, or hidden across separate compilations. +Keep source privacy, ownership for emission, and unknown-caller edges distinct; +keeping a body for linking must not imply arbitrary callers can reach it. + +## Initialization and runtime + +### Entry arguments + +Replace the integer class-initializer argument with an argument array. The +selected entry class receives a non-null array, empty when there are no +arguments; other class initializers receive null. Coordinate the parser, +entry signature, runtime driver, and separately compiled interfaces. + +The native runtime already adapts process arguments for an explicit +`simple_main` function. That does not implement argument arrays for class +initializers. + +### Pre-initialize classes from ELF data + +Prove when a class's entire initialization can be represented by static data +and relocations, without remaining runtime effects. Emit those contents and +start its `$init` flag as true. Carry that fact through separate compilation +so importing compilers can remove checks too. + +Constant final fields already have static images; that alone does not prove +the whole class can be pre-initialized. I/O and argument-dependent work still +require execution. Preserve dynamic parent requirements, and do not let cyclic +dependencies justify their own pre-initialization. Static reference cycles +can use relocations without requiring a dynamic initialization cycle. + +Mutable fields may have static initial contents without becoming constants. +For a wholly immutable, pre-initialized class, eliminate the mutable `$init` +state as well as the checks so the class image can reside in ROM. Native +function thunks already preserve static initialization of function fields. + +### Compact code and data arenas + +Use four-byte Simple references into bounded code and data arenas. The arenas +need not overlap or live near zero; choose absolute addresses or offsets from +an arena base when implementing placement and indirect calls. Native function +thunks can occupy the code arena while native libraries live elsewhere. +Currently function pointers occupy four bytes and use low-address thunks; +ordinary data pointers still occupy eight bytes. + +Give full-width native pointers separate types and foreign lifetime contracts. +Opaque device addresses may need to pass through without CPU dereference. +Automatic Simple object lifetimes without a GC still need a design for +ownership, borrowing, cycles, and native retention. Compact storage alone +does not establish those rules. Preserve static class images and explicit +native boundary conversions when choosing the representation. + +## Data and library proposals + +These are language-design alternatives. The sketches below are not executable +examples of the current Simple grammar. + +### Structs with trailing arrays + +Allow named fields followed by an array length and inline element storage: + +```simple +struct vecInt { + u32 size; // Used elements + u32 #; // Capacity + int []; // Trailing elements in the same allocation +}; +``` + +The final field would be named `[]`, with an unsigned length field `#` +immediately before it. Element types could include references to the same +struct. Current arrays have a fixed `u32` length and a special two-field +layout; supporting arbitrary leading fields requires parser and layout work. + +Consider `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, or `u64` length fields to reduce small-array +overhead. Arrays with different length representations would be distinct +types, with explicit conversions and capacity checks. The spelling and +alignment rules remain to be decided. + +Growing such an object requires a replacement allocation. An extra level of +indirection, as in a growable-buffer wrapper, instead preserves the wrapper's +identity. Specify ownership before treating a growing call as consuming or +freeing its receiver. + +### Array initialization + +Allow an element-producing function at allocation, for example +`new u8[buffer#, { u32 idx -> buffer[idx] }]`. This would support final arrays +and fully initialized non-null reference arrays. Define when each element is +evaluated and when the array can be published. Existing zero-filled array +allocation does not provide this constructor operation. + +### String libraries + +Design a family of byte-based strings with UTF-8 decoding supplied by library +functions. Consider these distinct representations and interfaces: + +- A growable string with inline bytes and cached metadata, returning a + potentially new receiver when capacity increases. +- An immutable string constructed all at once, with defensive copying where + necessary. Read-only access alone does not establish exclusive ownership. +- A StringBuilder-style wrapper holding a replaceable pointer to its buffer. +- Unicode decoding and iteration over the byte representation, including + behavior at invalid character boundaries. +- A C-compatible string with a trailing zero and directly available length. +- A short string packed with its length into a machine word, passed by value. + +Keep mutable storage private by default and specify sharing, concatenation, +capacity growth, and native I/O contracts. Existing `sys` byte-array and +buffer helpers are a starting point, not this complete string design. + +### Struct values + +Allow a struct to be stored inline in another object, array, or argument list +rather than always through a reference. A proposed `*Complex` or `inline` +spelling would place both coordinates of `struct Complex { f64 x,y; };` +directly in the containing value. + +Define whole-value copying, reference-to-value conversion, and assignment +through an existing reference. A value must not silently become a reference +or expose an interior address with an invalid lifetime. Decide how consuming +an enclosing object's lifetime could permit such an address. Keep method +syntax uniform and define the calling convention for by-value arguments. + +### Default integer width + +Consider making `int` mean `i32` instead of the current `i64`. This changes +overflow behavior, layouts, APIs, and native interfaces, so it needs a language +decision and a deliberate compatibility boundary. + +### Parser Cleanup + +Get the Parsers' structure closer to an ideal R-D parser, and matching the +grammer doc. Move TYPES to CodeGen, and generally restructure for readability. +Ponder using try-w-resources to do the keep/unkeep pairing (do NOT do any +allocation in the `try`, just bring up an object w/auto-closable which tracks +the unkeeps) - see if that looks any cleaner. |
