From f5ad15e3699c0d07ab2b06865f3a8ae209d021d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cliff Click <cliffc@acm.org>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 20:35:04 +0100
Subject: Chapter 5: If Statement, Phi, and Region
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Co-authored-by: Dibyendu Majumdar <mobile@majumdar.org.uk>
Co-authored-by: XmiliaH <45106915+XmiliaH@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Yichen Yan <oraluben@outlook.com>
Co-authored-by: Thalia Archibald <thalia@archibald.dev>
Co-authored-by: Hsiang-Ying Fu <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tamas Hadhazy <helsgithub15@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Symious <14933944+symious@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: tannal <tannal2409@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: hadha <helsgithub15@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: fuhsnn <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Tamás Hadházy <85063808+Hels15@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: RobertObkircher <robert.obkircher@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jun Kawasaki <jun784@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: David Rubin <87927264+Rexicon226@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 docs/chapter05/05-graph2.svg | 125 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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diff --git a/docs/chapter05/05-graph2.svg b/docs/chapter05/05-graph2.svg
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+++ b/docs/chapter05/05-graph2.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
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+    html, body { height:100%; margin:0; font-family:sans-serif; }
+    .viewer { height:100%; display:grid; grid-template-rows:auto minmax(0,1fr) auto; }
+    .source { padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc; }
+    #program { width:min(600px,80vw); vertical-align:middle; }
+    #status { margin-top:4px; }
+    #graph { min-height:0; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background:#fafbfc; }
+    #elk { width:100%; height:100%; }
+    #graph svg { display:block; }
+    .tools { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; margin-top:8px; font-size:12px; }
+    .hint { color:#616c78; }
+    .ctrl { color:#b63838; } .mem { color:#2867b2; } .data { color:#536477; }
+    .edge { fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; }
+    .edge.CTRL { stroke-width:2; }
+    .edge.ASSOC { stroke-dasharray:4 4; }
+    .edge.PARSER { stroke-dasharray:5 4; }
+    .parser rect { fill:#f6f0ff; stroke:#7956a5; stroke-width:1.5; stroke-dasharray:5 4; }
+    .edge.selected { stroke-width:3.5; }
+    .edge.bundle { stroke-width:4; }
+    .edge.bundle.selected { stroke-width:6; }
+    .edge-hit { fill:none; stroke:transparent; stroke-width:12; vector-effect:non-scaling-stroke; pointer-events:stroke; cursor:pointer; }
+    .edge-jump { fill:transparent; pointer-events:all; cursor:pointer; }
+    .node { cursor:pointer; }
+    .box { stroke:#758191; stroke-width:1; }
+    .node.held .box { stroke-dasharray:5 3; }
+    .node.near .box { stroke:#c18221; stroke-width:2; }
+    .node.focus .box { stroke:#9c4900; stroke-width:3; }
+    .node.selected .box { stroke:#1569b9; stroke-width:3; }
+    .node.folded .box { stroke-width:4; }
+    .node.folding .box { fill:#f4ccd7; }
+    .fold-tag { font-size:9px; font-weight:700; fill:#963751; }
+    .peep-area { fill:#fff3d9; fill-opacity:.8; stroke:#c18221; stroke-width:2; pointer-events:none; }
+    .node.peep-edit .box { stroke:#9c4900; stroke-width:3; }
+    .node.error .box { stroke:#b42318; stroke-width:4; }
+    #event.error { color:#b42318; font-weight:600; white-space:pre-wrap; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
+    .peep-ghosts { pointer-events:none; }
+    .region-box { stroke:#9da9b8; stroke-width:1.5; }
+    .fold-btn { cursor:pointer; }
+    .fold-btn rect { fill:white; stroke:#596674; }
+    .fold-btn text { font-size:14px; fill:#152330; }
+    .fold-btn:focus rect { stroke:#1569b9; stroke-width:2; }
+    .shortcut { cursor:pointer; }
+    .shortcut path { fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; }
+    .shortcut rect { fill:#fff8ec; stroke:#b63838; stroke-dasharray:3 2; }
+    .shortcut text { font-size:11px; fill:#783030; }
+    .shortcut.selected rect, .shortcut:focus rect { stroke-width:2.5; }
+    .label { font-size:12px; fill:#152330; font-weight:600; }
+    .node-id { font-size:10px; fill:#596674; font-weight:400; }
+    .type { font-size:11px; fill:#455768; }
+    .port { stroke:#536477; stroke-width:1; }
+    .row { stroke:#b6afcf; stroke-width:1; }
+    .bind { font-size:12px; fill:#152330; }
+    .slot { font-size:10px; fill:#364352; paint-order:stroke; stroke:#fafbfc; stroke-width:3; }
+    #detail { position:absolute; top:8px; right:8px; margin:0; padding:12px; max-width:320px;
+      max-height:45%; overflow:auto; white-space:pre-wrap; overflow-wrap:anywhere;
+      background:#fffffff2; border:1px solid #bac5d0; border-radius:4px; font-size:12px; }
+    .controls { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; align-items:center; gap:6px; padding:6px; }
+    .button { color:white; background:black; font-size:20px; min-width:30px; }
+    .button:disabled { background:grey; }
+    .count { font-size:20px; min-width:35px; text-align:center; }
+    #N { width:6ch; }
+    #scrub { width:clamp(120px,35vw,600px); }
+  </style><defs><marker id="arrow-CTRL" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#b63838"/></marker><marker id="arrow-DATA" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#536477"/></marker><marker id="arrow-MEM" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#2867b2"/></marker><marker id="arrow-ASSOC" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#9396a3"/></marker><marker id="arrow-PARSER" viewBox="0 -4 8 8" refX="8" refY="0" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M0,-4L8,0L0,4Z" fill="#7956a5"/></marker></defs><rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="rgb(250, 251, 252)"/><g><g class="regions" style="opacity: 1;"><g class="region" transform="translate(144,171)"><rect class="region-box" rx="8" width="574" height="374" fill="#f2f7ef"/></g></g><rect class="peep-area" rx="36" style="opacity: 0;"/><g class="edges"><path class="edge ASSOC" id="e1i0" d="M306,530 C306,554 838.5,527 838.5,551" stroke="#9396a3" marker-start="url(#arrow-ASSOC)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#1[0] → #17 · ASSOC · 0: $ctrl</title></path><path class="edge ASSOC" id="e1i1" d="M356,115 C356,139 896.5,527 896.5,551" stroke="#9396a3" marker-start="url(#arrow-ASSOC)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#1[1] → #5 · ASSOC · 0: arg</title></path><path class="edge ASSOC" id="e1i2" d="M458,530 C458,554 948,527 948,551" stroke="#9396a3" marker-start="url(#arrow-ASSOC)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#1[2] → #18 · ASSOC · 1: a</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e8i1" d="M356,118 L356,123 Q356,128 351,128 L315,128 Q307,128 307,136 L307,225" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#8[1] → #5 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e8i2" d="M84,118 L84,123 Q84,128 89,128 L218,128 Q226,128 226,136 L226,207 Q226,215 234,215 L332,215 Q337,215 337,220 L337,225" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#8[2] → #7 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge CTRL" id="e9i0" d="M236,118 L236,329" stroke="#b63838" marker-start="url(#arrow-CTRL)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#9[0] → #4 · CTRL</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e9i1" d="M307,281 L307,286.5 Q307,291 311.5,291 L311.5,291 Q316,291 316,295.5 L316,329" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#9[1] → #8 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e14i1" d="M356,118 L356,123 Q356,128 361,128 L486,128 Q494,128 494,136 L494,343.66666666666663" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#14[1] → #5 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e14i2" d="M524,118 L524,343.66666666666663" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#14[2] → #13 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e16i1" d="M356,118 L356,123 Q356,128 361,128 L505,128 Q513,128 513,136 L513,283 Q513,291 521,291 L638,291 Q646,291 646,299 L646,343.66666666666663" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#16[1] → #5 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e16i2" d="M676,118 L676,343.66666666666663" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#16[2] → #15 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge CTRL" id="e17i1" d="M216,429 L216,434 Q216,439 221,439 L298,439 Q306,439 306,447 L306,477" stroke="#b63838" marker-start="url(#arrow-CTRL)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#17[1] → #6 · CTRL</title></path><path class="edge CTRL" id="e17i2" d="M336,429 L336,477" stroke="#b63838" marker-start="url(#arrow-CTRL)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#17[2] → #10 · CTRL</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e18i1" d="M494,399.66666666666663 L494,431 Q494,439 486,439 L446,439 Q438,439 438,447 L438,477" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#18[1] → #14 · DATA</title></path><path class="edge DATA" id="e18i2" d="M646,399.66666666666663 L646,441 Q646,449 638,449 L486,449 Q478,449 478,457 L478,477" stroke="#536477" marker-start="url(#arrow-DATA)" style="opacity: 1;"><title>#18[2] → #16 · DATA</title></path></g><g class="edge-hits"/><g class="parser" style="opacity: 1;"/><g class="nodes"><g class="node" id="n1" data-id="1" transform="translate(808,551)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M4,0H160Q164,0 164,4V52Q164,56 160,56H4Q0,56 0,52V4Q0,0 4,0Z" fill="#e5e0ff"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="82" y="48"><tspan>Scope</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #1</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="82"/><title>#1 Scope
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #17  ASSOC  0: $ctrl
+[1] → #5  ASSOC  0: arg
+[2] → #18  ASSOC  1: a</title><line class="row" x1="0" x2="164" y1="30" y2="30"/><line class="row" x1="61" x2="61" y1="0" y2="30"/><line class="row" x1="116" x2="116" y1="0" y2="30"/><text class="bind" x="30.5" y="20" text-anchor="middle">0: $ctrl</text><text class="bind" x="88.5" y="20" text-anchor="middle">0: arg</text><text class="bind" x="140" y="20" text-anchor="middle">1: a</text><circle class="port" cx="30.5" cy="0" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="88.5" cy="0" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="140" cy="0" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="30.5" y="-7" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="88.5" y="-7" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="140" y="-7" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g><g class="node" id="n2" data-id="2" transform="translate(176,24)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H240V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="120" y="18"><tspan>Start</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #2</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="120"/><title>#2 Start
+Type not computed
+
+</title></g><g class="node" id="n4" data-id="4" transform="translate(176,68)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>$ctrl</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #4/0</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#4 $ctrl
+Projection 0 of #2
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #2  CTRL</title></g><g class="node" id="n5" data-id="5" transform="translate(296,68)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>arg</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #5/1</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#5 arg
+Projection 1 of #2
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #2  DATA</title></g><g class="node" id="n6" data-id="6" transform="translate(156,379)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>True</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #6/0</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#6 True
+Projection 0 of #9
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #9  CTRL</title></g><g class="node" id="n7" data-id="7" transform="translate(24,68)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>#1</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #7</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#7 #1
+Type not computed
+
+</title></g><g class="node" id="n8" data-id="8" transform="translate(247,231)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>==</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #8</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#8 ==
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → —  DATA
+[1] → #5  DATA
+[2] → #7  DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="30" cy="-3" r="3" fill="white"/><circle class="port" cx="60" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="90" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="30" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="60" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="90" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g><g class="node" id="n9" data-id="9" transform="translate(156,335)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H240V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="120" y="18"><tspan>If</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #9</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="120"/><title>#9 If
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #4  CTRL
+[1] → #8  DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="80" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="160" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="80" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="160" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text></g><g class="node" id="n10" data-id="10" transform="translate(276,379)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M0,0H120V44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>False</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #10/1</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#10 False
+Projection 1 of #9
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #9  CTRL</title></g><g class="node" id="n13" data-id="13" transform="translate(464,68)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>#2</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #13</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#13 #2
+Type not computed
+
+</title></g><g class="node" id="n14" data-id="14" transform="translate(434,349.66666666666663)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>+</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #14</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#14 +
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → —  DATA
+[1] → #5  DATA
+[2] → #13  DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="30" cy="-3" r="3" fill="white"/><circle class="port" cx="60" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="90" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="30" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="60" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="90" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g><g class="node" id="n15" data-id="15" transform="translate(616,68)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>#3</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #15</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#15 #3
+Type not computed
+
+</title></g><g class="node" id="n16" data-id="16" transform="translate(586,349.66666666666663)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M14,0H106Q120,0 120,14V30Q120,44 106,44H14Q0,44 0,30V14Q0,0 14,0Z" fill="#edf3f7"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>-</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #16</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#16 -
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → —  DATA
+[1] → #5  DATA
+[2] → #15  DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="30" cy="-3" r="3" fill="white"/><circle class="port" cx="60" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="90" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="30" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="60" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="90" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g><g class="node" id="n17" data-id="17" transform="translate(246,483)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M12,0H108L120,44H0Z" fill="#fff1c4"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>Region</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #17</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#17 Region
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → —  DATA
+[1] → #6  CTRL
+[2] → #10  CTRL</title><circle class="port" cx="30" cy="-3" r="3" fill="white"/><circle class="port" cx="60" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="90" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><text class="slot" x="30" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="60" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="90" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g><g class="node" id="n18" data-id="18" transform="translate(398,483)" style="opacity: 1;"><path class="box" d="M12,0H108L120,22L108,44H12L0,22Z" fill="#f5e4fa"/><text class="label" text-anchor="middle" x="60" y="18"><tspan>φ_a</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #18</tspan></text><text class="type" text-anchor="middle" y="35" x="60"/><title>#18 φ_a
+Type not computed
+
+[0] → #17  ASSOC
+[1] → #14  DATA
+[2] → #16  DATA</title><circle class="port" cx="-3" cy="22" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="40" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><circle class="port" cx="80" cy="-3" r="3" fill="#536477"/><path class="reg" fill="none" stroke="#b63838" d="M-3,22H-18m4,-3l-4,3l4,3"><title>[0] → #17</title></path><text class="slot" x="-10" y="15" text-anchor="middle">0</text><text class="slot" x="40" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">1</text><text class="slot" x="80" y="-10" text-anchor="middle">2</text></g></g><g class="region-heads" style="opacity: 1;"><g class="region-head" transform="translate(144,171)"><text class="label" x="26" y="17"><tspan>If</tspan><tspan class="node-id">  #9</tspan></text><title>If · 8 nodes</title><g class="fold-btn" role="button" tabindex="0" transform="translate(4,4)" aria-label="Fold region #9"><rect width="16" height="16" rx="2"/><text x="8" y="12" text-anchor="middle">−</text><title>Fold region</title></g></g></g><g class="shortcuts" style="opacity: 1;"/><g class="peep-ghosts" pointer-events="none"/></g></svg>
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