From ecd82ce8ebbefef223cd934cd87802f4d03c1867 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Cliff Click Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 11:11:18 -0700 Subject: Chapter 26: Construction and Private Memory Co-authored-by: Hsiang-Ying Fu <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: fuhsnn <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Symious <14933944+symious@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Jun Kawasaki Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5 --- docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md | 168 ++++++++ docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md | 168 ++++++++ docs/chapter26/Makefile | 12 + docs/chapter26/README.ja.md | 30 ++ docs/chapter26/README.md | 202 +++++++++ docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp | 3 + docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp | 37 ++ docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip | Bin 0 -> 669808 bytes docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf | Bin 0 -> 155190 bytes docs/chapter26/lattice.gv | 203 +++++++++ docs/chapter26/lattice.svg | 691 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv | 85 ++++ docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg | 260 ++++++++++++ docs/chapter26/pardoe.docx | Bin 0 -> 22583 bytes docs/chapter26/webtcp.min.js | 65 +++ 15 files changed, 1924 insertions(+) create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/Makefile create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/README.ja.md create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/README.md create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/lattice.gv create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/lattice.svg create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/pardoe.docx create mode 100644 docs/chapter26/webtcp.min.js (limited to 'docs') diff --git a/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd3fa232 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# 第24章の文法 + +[English](24-grammar.md) | 日本語 + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22867355 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/24-grammar.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +# Grammar for Chapter 24 + +English | [日本語](24-grammar.ja.md) + +```antlrv4 +grammar SimpleLanguage; + +// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions +// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules. +program : statement* EOF ; + +block : '{' statement* '}' ; + +statement + : block + | returnStatement + | ifStatement + | whileStatement + | forStatement + | breakStatement + | continueStatement + | structDeclaration + | declaration ';' + | assignment ';' + | ';' + ; + +returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ; +ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ; +whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ; +breakStatement : 'break' ';' ; +continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ; + +forStatement + : 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement + ; + +structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ; +structMember : methodDeclaration | statement ; + +// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition. +// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList. +// The general declaration rule also admits explicitly typed function fields. +methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ; + +declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ; +declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ; +binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ; +bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ; +// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern +// symbol. Ordinary strings elsewhere are array-valued expressions. +initializer : assignment ; + +// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array. +// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference. +type + : functionType + | primitiveType typeSuffix* + | accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix* + ; +accessModifier : '!' | '~' ; +typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ; +typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ; + +primitiveType + : 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64' + | 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool' + | 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64' + ; + +assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ; +assignmentOperator + : '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' + | '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' + ; + +expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ; + +// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here. +logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ; + +bitwiseExpression + : equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)* + ; + +equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ; + +// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must +// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain. +comparisonExpression + : shiftExpression + ( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )? + ; + +shiftExpression + : additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)* + ; + +additiveExpression + : multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)* + ; + +multiplicativeExpression + : unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)* + ; + +unaryExpression + : ('-' | '!') unaryExpression + | updateOperator IDENTIFIER + | postfixExpression + ; + +// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields +// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand. +updateOperator : '++' | '--' ; +postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ; +postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ; + +// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self. +// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically; +// name/type resolution determines which call form applies. +methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ; + +primaryExpression + : INTEGER_LITERAL + | FLOAT_LITERAL + | STRING_LITERAL + | CHARACTER_LITERAL + | 'true' + | 'false' + | 'null' + | IDENTIFIER + | '(' assignment ')' + | newExpression + | functionExpression + ; + +// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration. +// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier. +functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ; +parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ; +parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ; + +// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types. +// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->. +functionType + : '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'? + | '{' type '}' '?'? + ; + +callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ; +argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ; + +// Struct initialization uses a block; array allocation supplies a length. +newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | block)? ; + +INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ; +FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ; +STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ; +CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ; +fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ; +IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ; +fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ; +fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ; +WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ; +LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ; +BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ; +``` diff --git a/docs/chapter26/Makefile b/docs/chapter26/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12659b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GV := $(wildcard *.gv) +SVG := $(patsubst %.gv,%.svg,$(GV)) + +.PHONY: all +all: $(SVG) + +%.svg: %.gv + dot -Tsvg $< > $@ + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + @rm -f $(SVG) diff --git a/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md b/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3318ebfd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/README.ja.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# 第26章: オブジェクトの構築と非公開メモリ + +[English](README.md) | 日本語 + +[Previous: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.ja.md) | +[Next: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.ja.md) + +この章では、フィールドの初期化とコンストラクタを関数として扱います。 +構築中のフィールドはローカルな SSA 値として扱い、分岐やループでは +通常の Phi で合流させます。各初期化関数の出口で通常の Store を生成し、 +フィールドごとの非公開メモリを次の関数に渡します。構築が完了した時点で、 +`EscapeNode` が初期化済みのフィールドを公開メモリに合流させます。 + +パーサーはコンストラクタの出口で、必須フィールドが初期化されていることを確認します。 +この検査は SCCP より前なので、後の解析で安全と分かる呼び出しでも拒否する場合があります。 +構築中の `self` を通常の関数に渡したり、オブジェクトに格納したりする +ことは、この章では禁止します。次のエスケープ解析の章でもこの制限は残ります。 +インライン化後に安全性を確認してヘルパー呼び出しを許す案は、まだ実装していません。 + +未完成のオブジェクトをコンストラクタ内で読むことはできますが、読むフィールドは +すでに初期化されている必要があります。他のフィールドはまだ未設定でも構いません。 +final フィールドも構築中はローカル値として再代入でき、ループでは通常の Phi を使います。 +Store はヘルパーの出口で生成します。構築後の書き換え、通常のローカル `val` への再代入、 +共有する関数宣言の置き換えは禁止します。 +詳細と提案中の規則は [英語版](README.md#helper-calls-and-final-fields-during-construction) を参照してください。 + +モジュール、クラスの遅延初期化、分割コンパイルはまだ導入しません。 +詳しい説明、制限、実行例は [英語版](README.md) を参照してください。 + +このディレクトリで `make lib tests CTAGS=` を実行できます。 diff --git a/docs/chapter26/README.md b/docs/chapter26/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4f7310a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +# Chapter 26: Construction and Private Memory + +English | [日本語](README.ja.md) + +[Previous: Chapter 25](../chapter25/README.md) | +[Next: Chapter 27](../chapter27/README.md) + + +The previous chapter built SSA before it knew all the types. This chapter uses +that freedom to move object initialization into functions. The new problem is +memory: a constructor must remember what it has written to this object without +mixing those values with every older object of the same type. + +We keep the object private while it is built, then publish its initialized +fields to public memory. No partially-built instance can ever escape (unlike +some languages where the `this` object can escape before final fields are +actually set and final). Finding all the ways an object can escape comes next. + + +## Constructors are calls + +```simple +struct Box { + int x = 7; + int[] data; + new Box = { int n -> + data = new int[2]; + x = n; + data[0] = x + 1; + }; + val get = { -> x + data[0]; }; +}; +val a = new Box(arg); +val b = new Box(arg + 10); +return a.get() * 100 + b.get(); +``` + +For `arg == 2`, this returns `525`. Each call allocates its own `Box` and array. +The declaration `new Box = { ... };` supplies the constructor body. The body +still parses as an anonymous function; `new` marks its role as a constructor. +The expression `new Box(...)` allocates an object and calls it. A constructor +returns *private memory*, not a source-level value. + +The parser creates two helpers for each struct: + +* `Box.` runs the field initializers, in declaration order. +* `Box.` allocates the object, calls ``, calls the user constructor + if there is one, publishes the fields, and returns the pointer. + +The initializer and user constructor receive hidden `self` and `#selfMem` +arguments. *Public* memory still travels through input 1 of calls and returns; +the *private* memory is a separate argument and result. A constructor can allocate +a public array or update an already public object without losing its own field state. + +The old `new Box { ... }` syntax remains an inline construction block. It runs +the field initializers, then its block, then publishes; it does not also call +the named user constructor. Ordinary methods still use public memory. + + +## Fields are local values during construction + +Public memory describes all objects with a given field alias. A public Store +therefore combines the new value with values already in that alias. +E.g. writing `a.x = 3` cannot prove that `b.x` is also 3, so the general `.x` +field alias is usually some form of `BOTTOM`. + +During construction we already know which object each field belongs to, and +the language prevents its partial state from becoming visible. The parser can +therefore keep its fields as local SSA values. Both `x` and `self.x` refer to +the same local slot, although an argument named `x` can shadow the bare name. +An assignment updates that slot; it does not emit a Store. + +Branches merge the values with ordinary Phis. Loops use ordinary loop Phis, +including their existing integer range widening. For example: + +```simple +struct Counter { + val x = 0; + new Counter = { int n -> while (x < n) x++; }; +}; +return new Counter(arg).x; +``` + +The constructor loop carries the value of `x`. It needs no memory Phi and +performs no field Store on each trip. At the constructor exit, the compiler +stores the final value into the new object. This is the result scalar +replacement would give us, built directly from the construction rules. + +Even final data fields can change during construction; they become final when +the constructor finishes. `x = 1; x = 2;` leaves the local value 2 for the exit +Store. In the loop above, `x++` updates a local Phi, not memory. No sequence of +final field Stores needs cleaning up inside the loop. + +A constant default does not make a field shared by every instance: a later +constructor may change it. Inferred field types therefore describe the value's +family, not just its initial constant. Ordinary local `val` bindings remain +final. Shared function declarations are also fixed; a constructor cannot replace +one of those functions. + +Private memory is still useful at the helper boundaries. `NewNode` produces +the pointer and its initial private memory. The hidden initializer computes +defaults as local values and emits ordinary initializing Stores at exit. The +user constructor loads those fields into local slots, computes their final +values, and emits its own exit Stores. Each Store produces one precise alias; +`MemMergeNode` packages the slices for the helper result. `TypeMem` records the +field values across the call, without joining them with older objects. + +```text +New -> : local defaults -> field Stores + -> constructor: local values and Phis -> field Stores + -> publication -> public field aliases +``` + +Constructor signatures are bound at their declarations. Their bodies are +parsed after the struct's field list closes, so even a later-declared field +has a local slot before a branch or loop is built. + +Arrays use the same publication boundary: zero-filled elements and an +initialized length are published before the array is returned. Required +non-null fields have no legal zero default. Reading one before it is written +is an error. + +## Publish only after completion + +`EscapeNode` publishes one field. It consumes control, public memory, private +memory, and `self`; its result joins the field's value into the public alias. +Publication has no machine instruction, but its memory edges keep initializing +Stores before later Loads and Stores. Every field is published independently, +and scheduling may well interleave the initializing writes from many unrelated +allocations and public memory updates. + +Before publication, every required field must be initialized on every live +path. This constructor is rejected: + +```simple +struct Box { + int[] data; + new Box = { int n -> if (n) data = new int[2]; }; +}; +return new Box(arg); +``` + +`int[] data` requires a non-null initial value. If `n` is zero, `data` is never +set. The current parser follows explicit missing-initialization values through +the constructor's merges and checks its exit. This happens before SCCP: even +calling this constructor only with `new Box(1)` does not rescue it. Allowing +later type analysis to prove completion would require deferring this check. + + +## Helper calls and *final* fields during construction + +Constructor code may read the unfinished object, but never an uninitialized +field. Ordinary code must not observe it before construction finishes. + +We would like to allow helper calls when optimization proves they do not expose +the unfinished object. Inlining could turn a helper's field accesses into local +values. After optimization reaches a fixed point, each final field would have +a final Store: before that line, accesses use local values; after it, the field +can be read but never written. Mutable fields can still be written later. + +This is a proposed relaxation, not implemented in this snapshot. The parser +currently rejects passing `self` to an ordinary method before inlining can +prove it safe. For example, we would like this constructor to work: + +```simple +struct Vec { + int _max; + u8[~] !_buf; // Not-null, must be set before reading + + new Vec = { -> + _buf = new u8[1]; + clear(); // Would be safe after inlining; currently rejected + }; + val clear = { -> + // Keep at most 1K of storage in a cleared Vec + if( _buf# > 1024 ) _buf = new u8[1024]; + _max=0; + }; +}; +``` + +## Build and check + +From this directory: + +```bash +make lib tests CTAGS= +``` + +Or from the repository root: + +```bash +make tests CHAPTERS=chapter26 CTAGS= +``` + +`ConstructionTest` exercises constructor calls, independent instances, dynamic +defaults, completion errors, forward fields and methods, private loops, native +execution, and ARM/RISC-V execution. The inherited language, memory, lattice, +and backend suites run alongside it. +`FinalConstructionTest` checks repeated assignments and loops over final fields, +reads through methods, rejection of later writes, and native execution. It also +checks that the loop's field Stores are outside the loop. diff --git a/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp b/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..07ff935f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/examples/A_helloWorld.smp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- +sys.io.p("Hello, World!"); +return 0; diff --git a/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp b/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..938e3181 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/examples/BubbleSort.smp @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// -*- mode: java; -*- + +// An implementation of +// https://sampleprograms.io/projects/bubble-sort/ +// +// Bubble sort, with reading (parsing) and writing (formatting) the data. + +val sort = { !sys.aryi64 nums -> + var done = false; + while( !done ) { + done = true; + for( var i = 0; i < nums.len-1; i++ ) + if( nums.buf[i] > nums.buf[i+1] ) { + int tmp = nums.buf[i]; + nums.buf[i] = nums.buf[i+1]; + nums.buf[i+1] = tmp; // Swap + done = false; + } + } +}; + +// Read from stdin a line of the form "[ 4, 3, 2, 1]" and print it sorted. +val main = { -> + // Parse array of numbers from stdin + var nums = sys.parseAryI64( sys.io.stdin() ); + if( !nums ) { + sys.io.p("stdin must look like [4, 3, 2, 1]"); + return 1; + } + + // Bubble sort array of integers + sort(nums); + + // Print a list of numbers to stdout + nums.str().write(1); + return 0; +}; diff --git a/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip b/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6bdb4bd Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/chapter26/font-awesome-4.7.0.zip differ diff --git a/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf b/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d952fd4f Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/chapter26/ifg_trim.pdf differ diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv b/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8661082d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice.gv @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=circle, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.2; + + TOP [label=<⊤>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + BOT [label=<⊥>, fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white]; + + // ---------------------- + // Control + XCTRL [label=<⊤:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + CTRL [label=<⊥:ctrl>, fillcolor=yellow, shape=oval]; + + TOP -> XCTRL; + XCTRL -> CTRL; + CTRL -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Integers + INT_TOP [label=<⊤:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_BOT [label=<⊥:int>, fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + + INT_HI [label="[min>max]" , fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_XBOOL [label="[1...0]", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON [label="constants", fillcolor=lightblue, shape=oval]; + INT_CON0 [label="0", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_CON1 [label="1", fillcolor=lightblue]; + INT_BOOL [label="[0...1]", fillcolor=lightblue,shape=oval]; + INT_LO [label="[min INT_TOP; + INT_TOP -> INT_HI; + INT_HI -> INT_XBOOL; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON0; + INT_XBOOL -> INT_CON1; + INT_HI -> INT_CON; + INT_CON0 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_CON1 -> INT_BOOL; + INT_BOOL -> INT_LO; + INT_CON -> INT_LO; + INT_LO -> INT_BOT; + INT_BOT -> BOT; + + INT_CON0 -> INT_CON1 -> INT_CON [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Floats + FLT_TOP [label=<⊤:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_BOT [label=<⊥:flt>, fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + + FLT_CON64 [label="64b consts\n[excludes\n32b consts]" , fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CON32 [label="32b consts", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_CONPI [label="3.14159...", fillcolor=aqua, shape=oval]; + FLT_X32 [label="~f32", fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_CON0 [label="0." , fillcolor=aqua]; + FLT_32 [label="f32" , fillcolor=aqua]; + + TOP -> FLT_TOP; + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CON64 + FLT_TOP -> FLT_CONPI + FLT_CON64 -> FLT_BOT + FLT_CONPI -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_TOP -> FLT_X32; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON0; + FLT_X32 -> FLT_CON32; + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_32; + FLT_CON32 -> FLT_32; + FLT_32 -> FLT_BOT + + FLT_BOT -> BOT; + + FLT_CON0 -> FLT_CON32 -> FLT_CONPI -> FLT_CON64 [style=invis]; + + + // ---------------------- + // Pointers, just a boolean nil/not and a struct + PTR [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + +
*ptr
struct
+ >]; + PTR0 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + +
*ptr?
struct
+ >]; + + TOP -> PTR; + PTR -> PTR0; + PTR0 -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Structs + STRUCT_TOP [label=<⊤:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + STRUCT_BOT [label=<⊥:struct>, fillcolor=lightgreen, shape=oval]; + + STRUCT_S1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + +
fieldint/ptr
+ >]; + STRUCT_S2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + +
fieldint/ptr
fieldint/ptr
+ >]; + STRUCT_SN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + + +
fieldint/ptr
... int/ptr
fieldint/ptr
+ >]; + + + TOP -> STRUCT_TOP; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S1; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_S2; + STRUCT_TOP -> STRUCT_SN; + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_SN -> STRUCT_BOT; + STRUCT_BOT -> BOT; + + STRUCT_S1 -> STRUCT_S2 -> STRUCT_SN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Memory + MEM_TOP [label=<⊤:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_BOT [label=<⊥:mem>, fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIAS1 [label="#1" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + MEM_ALIASDOTS [label="..." , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white, shape=oval]; + MEM_ALIASN [label="#n" , fillcolor=blue, fontcolor=white]; + + TOP -> MEM_TOP; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIAS1; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASDOTS; + MEM_TOP -> MEM_ALIASN; + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_ALIASN -> MEM_BOT; + MEM_BOT -> BOT; + + MEM_ALIAS1 -> MEM_ALIASDOTS -> MEM_ALIASN [style=invis]; + + // ---------------------- + // Tuples + + TUPLE_TOP [label=<⊤:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + TUPLE_BOT [label=<⊥:tuple>, fillcolor=pink, shape=oval]; + + TUPLE1 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + +
Tuple
type
+ >]; + TUPLE2 [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + + +
Tuple
type
type
+ >]; + TUPLEN [shape=none, fillcolor=none, label=< + + + + + +
Tuple
type
...
type
+ >]; + + + TOP -> TUPLE_TOP; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE1; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLE2; + TUPLE_TOP -> TUPLEN; + TUPLE1 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE2 -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLEN -> TUPLE_BOT; + TUPLE_BOT -> BOT; + + // ---------------------- + // Additional customization + {rank=same; TOP;} + {rank=same; INT_TOP; FLT_TOP; XCTRL; PTR; STRUCT_TOP; MEM_TOP; TUPLE_TOP} + {rank=same; INT_CON; INT_CON0; INT_CON1; + FLT_CON32; FLT_CON64; FLT_CON0; FLT_CONPI; + STRUCT_S1; STRUCT_S2; STRUCT_SN; + MEM_ALIAS1; MEM_ALIASDOTS; MEM_ALIASN; + TUPLE1; TUPLE2; TUPLEN; + } + {rank=same; INT_BOT; FLT_BOT; CTRL; PTR0; STRUCT_BOT; MEM_BOT; TUPLE_BOT} + {rank=same; BOT;} +} diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg b/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e72b473b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice.svg @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ + + + + + + +Lattice + + + +TOP + +⊤ + + + +XCTRL + +⊤ +:ctrl + + + +TOP->XCTRL + + + + + +INT_TOP + +⊤ +:int + + + +TOP->INT_TOP + + + + + +FLT_TOP + +⊤ +:flt + + + +TOP->FLT_TOP + + + + + +PTR + + + +*ptr + + +struct + + + +TOP->PTR + + + + + +STRUCT_TOP + +⊤ +:struct + + + +TOP->STRUCT_TOP + + + + + +MEM_TOP + +⊤ +:mem + + + +TOP->MEM_TOP + + + + + +TUPLE_TOP + +⊤ +:tuple + + + +TOP->TUPLE_TOP + + + + + +BOT + +⊥ + + + +CTRL + +⊥ +:ctrl + + + +XCTRL->CTRL + + + + + +CTRL->BOT + + + + + +INT_HI + +[min>max] + + + +INT_TOP->INT_HI + + + + + +INT_BOT + +⊥ +:int + + + +INT_BOT->BOT + + + + + +INT_XBOOL + +[1...0] + + + +INT_HI->INT_XBOOL + + + + + +INT_CON + +constants + + + +INT_HI->INT_CON + + + + + +INT_CON0 + +0 + + + +INT_XBOOL->INT_CON0 + + + + + +INT_CON1 + +1 + + + +INT_XBOOL->INT_CON1 + + + + + +INT_LO + +[min<max] + + + +INT_CON->INT_LO + + + + + + +INT_BOOL + +[0...1] + + + +INT_CON0->INT_BOOL + + + + + + +INT_CON1->INT_BOOL + + + + + +INT_BOOL->INT_LO + + + + + +INT_LO->INT_BOT + + + + + +FLT_CON64 + +64b consts +[excludes +32b consts] + + + +FLT_TOP->FLT_CON64 + + + + + +FLT_CONPI + +3.14159... + + + +FLT_TOP->FLT_CONPI + + + + + +FLT_X32 + +~f32 + + + +FLT_TOP->FLT_X32 + + + + + +FLT_BOT + +⊥ +:flt + + + +FLT_BOT->BOT + + + + + +FLT_CON64->FLT_BOT + + + + + +FLT_CON32 + +32b consts + + + + +FLT_32 + +f32 + + + +FLT_CON32->FLT_32 + + + + + +FLT_CONPI->FLT_BOT + + + + + + +FLT_X32->FLT_CON32 + + + + + +FLT_CON0 + +0. + + + +FLT_X32->FLT_CON0 + + + + + + +FLT_CON0->FLT_32 + + + + + +FLT_32->FLT_BOT + + + + + +PTR0 + + + +*ptr? + + +struct + + + +PTR->PTR0 + + + + + +PTR0->BOT + + + + + +STRUCT_S1 + + + +field + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + + +STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S1 + + + + + +STRUCT_S2 + + + +field + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + +field + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + + +STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_S2 + + + + + +STRUCT_SN + + + +field + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + +...   + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + +field + + + + + + + + +int/ptr + + + +STRUCT_TOP->STRUCT_SN + + + + + +STRUCT_BOT + +⊥ +:struct + + + +STRUCT_BOT->BOT + + + + + +STRUCT_S1->STRUCT_BOT + + + + + + +STRUCT_S2->STRUCT_BOT + + + + + + +STRUCT_SN->STRUCT_BOT + + + + + +MEM_ALIAS1 + +#1 + + + +MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIAS1 + + + + + +MEM_ALIASDOTS + +... + + + +MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASDOTS + + + + + +MEM_ALIASN + +#n + + + +MEM_TOP->MEM_ALIASN + + + + + +MEM_BOT + +⊥ +:mem + + + +MEM_BOT->BOT + + + + + +MEM_ALIAS1->MEM_BOT + + + + + + +MEM_ALIASDOTS->MEM_BOT + + + + + + +MEM_ALIASN->MEM_BOT + + + + + +TUPLE1 + + + +Tuple + + +type + + + +TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE1 + + + + + +TUPLE2 + + + +Tuple + + +type + + +type + + + +TUPLE_TOP->TUPLE2 + + + + + +TUPLEN + + + +Tuple + + +type + + +... + + +type + + + +TUPLE_TOP->TUPLEN + + + + + +TUPLE_BOT + +⊥ +:tuple + + + +TUPLE_BOT->BOT + + + + + +TUPLE1->TUPLE_BOT + + + + + +TUPLE2->TUPLE_BOT + + + + + +TUPLEN->TUPLE_BOT + + + + + diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6aa37fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.gv @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph Lattice { + compound = true; + // Define nodes + splines=false; + node [shape=oval, style=filled]; + nodesep=0.2; + ranksep=0.4; + + TOP [label="~scalar\n+int+tmp+0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + + // ------------------------ + PTRHQ [label="~tmp\n+tmp+0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + TOP -> PTRHQ + + VALH_ [label="~nscalar\n+int+tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + TOP -> VALH_ + + INTHQ [label="~int\n+int+0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + TOP -> INTHQ + + LEFTHI [label="junk", style=invis, group=junkleft] + + + PTRHQ -> LEFTHI-> VALH_ -> INTHQ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRHQ; LEFTHI; VALH_; INTHQ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRH_ [label="~ntmp\n+tmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + VALH_ -> PTRH_ + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ + + INTH_ [label="~nint\n+int", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + VALH_ -> INTH_ + INTHQ -> INTH_ + { rank=same; PTRH_; INTH_ } + + // ------------------------ + NILX_ [label="~nil\n[int,tmp]+0", fillcolor=aqua, group=junkleft]; + INTHQ -> NILX_ + PTRHQ -> NILX_ + + NIL__ [label="nil\n[+int+tmp],0", fillcolor=pink]; + VALH_ -> NIL__; + + NILX_ -> NIL__ [style=invis]; + { rank=same; NIL__; NILX_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL_ [label="ntmp\ntmp", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRH_ -> PTRL_ + + INTL_ [label="nint\nint", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTH_ -> INTL_ + { rank=same; PTRL_; INTL_ } + + // ------------------------ + PTRL0 [label="tmp\ntmp,0", fillcolor=green, fontcolor=white, group=left]; + PTRL_ -> PTRL0 + NIL__ -> PTRL0 + + VALL_ [label="nscalar\nint,tmp", fillcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL_ -> VALL_ + INTL_ -> VALL_ + NILX_ -> VALL_ + + INTL0 [label="int\nint,0", fillcolor=lightblue, group=right]; + INTL_ -> INTL0 + NIL__ -> INTL0 + + PTRL0 -> VALL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + { rank=same; PTRL0; VALL_; INTL0 } + + // ------------------------ + BOT [label="scalar\nint,tmp,0", fillcolor=black, fontcolor=white, group=center]; + PTRL0 -> BOT + INTL0 -> BOT + VALL_ -> BOT + + // ------------------------ + // Verticle alignment + TOP -> VALH_ -> VALL_ -> BOT [style=invis]; + PTRHQ -> PTRH_ -> PTRL_ -> PTRL0 [style=invis]; + INTHQ -> INTH_ -> INTL_ -> INTL0 [style=invis]; + LEFTHI -> NILX_ [style=invis] +} diff --git a/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b682aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/lattice2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ + + + + + + +Lattice + + + +TOP + +~scalar ++int+tmp+0 + + + +PTRHQ + +~tmp ++tmp+0 + + + +TOP->PTRHQ + + + + + +VALH_ + +~nscalar ++int+tmp + + + +TOP->VALH_ + + + + + + +INTHQ + +~int ++int+0 + + + +TOP->INTHQ + + + + + + + +PTRH_ + +~ntmp ++tmp + + + +PTRHQ->PTRH_ + + + + + + +NILX_ + +~nil +[int,tmp]+0 + + + +PTRHQ->NILX_ + + + + + + +VALH_->PTRH_ + + + + + +INTH_ + +~nint ++int + + + +VALH_->INTH_ + + + + + +NIL__ + +nil +[+int+tmp],0 + + + +VALH_->NIL__ + + + + + +VALL_ + +nscalar +int,tmp + + + + +INTHQ->INTH_ + + + + + + +INTHQ->NILX_ + + + + + + + +PTRL_ + +ntmp +tmp + + + +PTRH_->PTRL_ + + + + + + +INTL_ + +nint +int + + + +INTH_->INTL_ + + + + + + + +NILX_->VALL_ + + + + + +PTRL0 + +tmp +tmp,0 + + + +NIL__->PTRL0 + + + + + +INTL0 + +int +int,0 + + + +NIL__->INTL0 + + + + + +PTRL_->PTRL0 + + + + + + +PTRL_->VALL_ + + + + + +INTL_->VALL_ + + + + + +INTL_->INTL0 + + + + + + + +BOT + +scalar +int,tmp,0 + + + +PTRL0->BOT + + + + + + +VALL_->BOT + + + + + + +INTL0->BOT + + + + + diff --git a/docs/chapter26/pardoe.docx b/docs/chapter26/pardoe.docx new file mode 100644 index 00000000..24fde921 Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/chapter26/pardoe.docx differ diff --git a/docs/chapter26/webtcp.min.js b/docs/chapter26/webtcp.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bf23ee5a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter26/webtcp.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +function Http(j){this.cID=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);this.webtcp=j;this.webtcp.httpClients[this.cID]=this;this.createPacket=function(){return{cID:this.cID,type:"http",host:this.remoteAddress,port:this.remotePort,method:null,data:null}};this.ondata=function(){};this.get=function(g,c){this.on("data",c);this.rpc("httpGet",[g])};this.post=function(g,c,j){this.on("data",j);this.rpc("httpPost",[g,c])}}Http.prototype=new WebTCPIO;function Socket(j,g,c,p){this.sID=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);this.webtcp=j;this.closed=this.ready=!1;this.options=p;this.sockOpts={_updating:!1};this.remoteAddress=g;this.remotePort=c;this.webtcp.sockets[this.sID]=this;this.createPacket=function(){return{id:Math.random().toString(36).substr(2),sID:this.sID,type:"tcp",options:this.options,host:this.remoteAddress,port:this.remotePort,data:null}};this.onconnect=function(){this.webtcp.sockets[sID].ready=!0;this.webtcp.sockets[sID].closed=!1}; 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