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# Chapter 17a grammar additions
English | [日本語](17-grammar.ja.md)
The expression and statement forms are those of Chapter 16. Declarations add
independent access and binding modifiers:
```text
declaration = type binding ("," binding)* ";"
binding = ("!" | "~")? identifier ("=" expression)?
type = ("!" | "~")? name suffix*
suffix = "?" | "[]" | "[~]"
```
A prefix qualifier requires a struct reference. It qualifies the named base,
not enclosing arrays. Each bracket pair qualifies its own array layer. A binding
modifier applies only to the following name. See the README for defaults and
constructor initialization rules. `var`, `val`, increments, compound assignments,
conditional expressions, and `for` loops are introduced in Chapter 17b.
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