Chapter 31: Software Drawing, Time, and Graphical Gameslinear

Co-authored-by: Hsiang-Ying Fu <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: fuhsnn <66062782+fuhsnn@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Symious <14933944+symious@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jun Kawasaki <jun784@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

1 files changed, 53 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/docs/chapter31/intrinsics.md b/docs/chapter31/intrinsics.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aae39bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/chapter31/intrinsics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Fixed-semantics C intrinsics
+
+An intrinsic is an ordinary C binding with a reserved external symbol and a
+fixed signature and meaning. The compiler may replace a known call with ideal
+IR nodes; it does not match the spelling of the caller's local variable or a
+Simple function with the same name. No new expression syntax is involved.
+
+The first intrinsics preserve IEEE binary64 representations:
+
+| External C symbol | Signature | Public alias |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `simple_f64_bits` | `{ f64 -> i64 }` | `sys.math.f64Bits` |
+| `simple_f64_from_bits` | `{ i64 -> f64 }` | `sys.math.f64FromBits` |
+
+```simple
+i64 bits = sys.math.f64Bits(1.0);          // 0x3ff0000000000000
+f64 value = sys.math.f64FromBits(bits);    // 1.0
+int numeric = value;                     // Numeric conversion, still 1.
+```
+
+Both operations preserve signed zero, infinities, subnormals, and NaN signs and
+payloads, including the signaling bit. They perform no arithmetic and have no
+memory effects. An `i64` holds the bit pattern; its sign is irrelevant to the
+conversion. Applying either operation followed by the other is an identity.
+Floating-point arithmetic between conversions retains its usual semantics and
+may change a NaN representation.
+
+`Intrinsic.java` owns the reserved-symbol table, signatures, effect queries,
+inlining, and ideal nodes. Call/CallEnd delegate to it. The cheap inliner checks
+intrinsics before requiring a Simple body or Return edge. It validates the
+signature and actual arguments, then replaces the complete control/memory/value
+state. For these pure operations, control and memory pass through unchanged.
+Aliases and imported bindings use the existing external-function identity map.
+
+Unknown indirect targets keep ordinary calls. `simple_crt.c` supplies real C
+definitions, using `memcpy` to preserve representations without aliasing tricks.
+These symbols have fixed semantics: a replacement implementation must honor the
+same contract. Ordinary C functions remain opaque to the optimizer.
+
+The ideal nodes support constant folding, inverse cancellation, evaluation, and
+serialization. Floating-point constant interning and serialization retain raw
+NaN bits. x86 emits `MOVQ` between XMM and integer registers; ARM emits `FMOV`,
+and RISC-V emits `FMV.X.D` / `FMV.D.X`. Register allocation may add copies or
+spills, and normal module-initialization checks still apply.
+
+Future intrinsics such as compare-and-swap or fences must define their memory
+and escape effects explicitly and expand to nodes with appropriate ordering
+dependencies. They must not inherit the pure conversions' passthrough memory
+behavior. Atomic operations and hardware square root are not introduced here.
+
+`make test CLASS=IntrinsicTest CTAGS=` checks folding, representation preservation,
+type errors, side effects, indirect C fallback, binary imports, and instruction
+selection on all three backends, plus ARM/RISC-V emulation and native x86 execution.