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# Grammar for Chapter 25
English | [日本語](25-grammar.ja.md)
```antlrv4
grammar SimpleLanguage;
// Name lookup, assignable operands, type compatibility, and access permissions
// are checked by the compiler in addition to these syntax rules.
// A file is a compilation unit; its path supplies its namespace.
// Qualified names resolve nested types and other units without an import keyword.
program : statement* EOF ;
block : '{' statement* '}' ;
statement
: block
| returnStatement
| ifStatement
| whileStatement
| forStatement
| breakStatement
| continueStatement
| structDeclaration
| declaration ';'
| assignment ';'
| ';'
;
returnStatement : 'return' assignment ';' ;
ifStatement : 'if' '(' assignment ')' statement ('else' statement)? ;
whileStatement : 'while' '(' assignment ')' statement ;
breakStatement : 'break' ';' ;
continueStatement : 'continue' ';' ;
forStatement
: 'for' '(' (declaration | assignment)? ';' assignment? ';' assignment? ')' statement
;
structDeclaration : 'struct' IDENTIFIER '{' structMember* '}' ';' ;
structMember : constructorDeclaration | methodDeclaration | statement ;
// The constructor name must match the enclosing struct's name.
constructorDeclaration : 'new' IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ;
// A method is an ordinary fixed function binding in a struct definition.
// The compiler supplies self; it is not written in parameterList.
// Function types and expressions both receive their implicit receiver here.
methodDeclaration : 'val' bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER '=' functionExpression ';' ;
declaration : declarationType binding (',' binding)* ;
declarationType : type | 'var' | 'val' ;
binding : bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ('=' initializer)? ;
bindingModifier : '!' | '~' ;
// A declaration initializer consisting of the string "C" declares an extern
// symbol: a function, or explicit numeric native storage. Ordinary strings
// elsewhere are array-valued expressions.
initializer : assignment ;
// The prefix qualifies the named struct reference, not an enclosing array.
// Each [] / [~] suffix qualifies its own array layer. ? requires a reference.
type
: functionType
| primitiveType typeSuffix*
| accessModifier? typeName typeSuffix*
;
accessModifier : '!' | '~' ;
typeSuffix : '?' | '[]' | '[~]' ;
typeName : IDENTIFIER ('.' IDENTIFIER)* ;
primitiveType
: 'int' | 'i8' | 'i16' | 'i32' | 'i64'
| 'u1' | 'u8' | 'u16' | 'u32' | 'byte' | 'bool'
| 'flt' | 'f32' | 'f64'
;
assignment : expression (assignmentOperator assignment)? ;
assignmentOperator
: '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^='
| '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>='
;
expression : logicalExpression ('?' assignment (':' assignment)?)? ;
// Both logical operators short-circuit and associate to the right here.
logicalExpression : bitwiseExpression (('&&' | '||') logicalExpression)? ;
bitwiseExpression
: equalityExpression (('&' | '|' | '^') equalityExpression)*
;
equalityExpression : comparisonExpression (('==' | '!=') comparisonExpression)* ;
// Chained comparisons test adjacent operands and short-circuit. A chain must
// keep its direction; equality has lower precedence and does not join a chain.
comparisonExpression
: shiftExpression
( (('<' | '<=') shiftExpression)+ | (('>' | '>=') shiftExpression)+ )?
;
shiftExpression
: additiveExpression (('<<' | '>>' | '>>>') additiveExpression)*
;
additiveExpression
: multiplicativeExpression (('+' | '-') multiplicativeExpression)*
;
multiplicativeExpression
: unaryExpression (('*' | '/') unaryExpression)*
;
unaryExpression
: ('-' | '!') unaryExpression
| updateOperator IDENTIFIER
| postfixExpression
;
// Prefix updates require a local name; postfix updates also allow fields
// and array elements. All updates require an assignable operand.
updateOperator : '++' | '--' ;
postfixExpression : primaryExpression postfixSuffix* updateOperator? ;
postfixSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER | '[' assignment ']' | '#' | callSuffix | methodCallSuffix ;
// For a fixed function-valued member, object.name(args) passes object as self.
// This overlaps ordinary field selection followed by a call syntactically;
// name/type resolution determines which call form applies.
methodCallSuffix : '.' IDENTIFIER callSuffix ;
primaryExpression
: INTEGER_LITERAL
| FLOAT_LITERAL
| STRING_LITERAL
| CHARACTER_LITERAL
| 'true'
| 'false'
| 'null'
| IDENTIFIER
| '(' assignment ')'
| newExpression
| functionExpression
;
// A function is an expression bound with an ordinary declaration.
// Its last statement supplies the implicit result; return can exit earlier.
functionExpression : '{' parameterList? '->' statement* '}' ;
parameterList : (parameter ','?)+ ;
parameter : type bindingModifier? IDENTIFIER ;
// Function types have unnamed, space-separated argument types.
// {int} is the zero-argument type; its function expression still uses ->.
functionType
: '{' type+ '->' type '}' '?'?
| '{' type '}' '?'?
;
callSuffix : '(' argumentList? ')' ;
argumentList : assignment (',' assignment)* ','? ;
// Allocation invokes the declared constructor; inline initializer blocks from
// earlier chapters are replaced by constructor arguments.
newExpression : 'new' type ('[' assignment ']' | callSuffix)? ;
INTEGER_LITERAL : '0' | [1-9] DIGIT* ;
FLOAT_LITERAL : DIGIT+ ('.' DIGIT* ('e' DIGIT+)? | 'e' '-'? DIGIT+) ;
STRING_LITERAL : '"' (ESCAPE | ~["\\])* '"' ;
CHARACTER_LITERAL : '\'' (ESCAPE | ~['\\]) '\'' ;
fragment ESCAPE : '\\' [0ntr\\'"] ;
IDENTIFIER : NON_DIGIT (NON_DIGIT | DIGIT)* ;
fragment NON_DIGIT : [a-zA-Z_] ;
fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ;
WHITESPACE : [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip ;
LINE_COMMENT : '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip ;
BLOCK_COMMENT : '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip ;
```
|
